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BOOTH'S NEW PICTORIAL UNITED STATES. 



A NEW 

PICTORIAL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES 

OF 

AMEHICA. 

WITH QUESTIONS FOR SCHOOLS. 

BY J. B. BOOTH. 



■ Here the free spirit of mankinJ ar length, 
Throws its last fetters off; and who shall place 
A limit to the Giant's unehain'd strength, 
Or curb his swiftness in the forward race." 



PHILADELPHIA : 
LEAHY & GETZ, PUBLISHERS, 

1 854. 



A good maxim is uever out of season. 

Bettor to be alone, than in bad company. 

Cheerfulness is Y'erfectly consistent with piety. 

Do nothing you would wish to conceaL 

Everybody's business is nobody's business. 

Foar not death so much, as an evil course of life. 

G-ood words cost nothing, but are worth much. 

He who resolves to amend, has God on his side. 

If the counsel be good, no matter who gave it. 

Judge not of men or things at first sight. 

Keep good company, and be one of the number. 

Let not your tongue cut your throat. 

Malice seldom wants a mark to shoot at. 

Never tiilk without saying something. 

One vice is more l5xponsive than many virtues. 

Pardon is the most glorious kind of revenge. 

Quick landlords make earefnl tenants. 

Rome was not built in a day. 

Sometimes words wound m')re than swords. 

The mob hath many heads, but no brains. ^ 

Unskilful workmen quarrel with' their tools. 

Vows mad • in storms are forgotten in calms. - 

Weigli ;-i /.ht, if you sell dear. 

Xerxes the Great did die, and so must you and J 

Youth is the .reason for improvement. 

Zono, of all virtues, made choice of silence. 



Entered according to Act of (?>oB{;rcss, in the year 1854 

BY LEAHY .& *g'^TZ, 

the Clerk's Office, of the District Court of tlie United States for the 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 






CONTENTS. 



Chap. I. The Discovery. — The Northmen. — Columbus. 
— Vespucci. — The Cabots. — Ponce de Leon. — Ver- 
razani. — Gomez, — Cartier. — De Soto. — R ibault. — 
Frobisher.— Drake.— Gilbert , . . Page 7 

II. Settlement of America. — Raleigh. — Gosnold. — Gil- 

bert. — Weymouth. — Settlement of Virginia. — Smith. 
— Harvey. — Berkeley. — Bacon's Rebellion. — Cul- 
peper. — Old French War. — Washington 15 

III. Settlement of Quebec. — Hudson. — Settlement of Nev/- 
York. — Argall. — Van Tvviller. — Kieft. — Stuyvesant. 
— Nieholls. — Lovelace. — Andros. — Leisler. — Slough- 
tcr. — Massacre at Schenectady. — French War 23 

IV. Settlement of Massachusetts. — The Pilgrims. — Car- 
ver, — Charles II, — James II. — Andros, — William 
and Mary.— Old French War.— The Stamp Act.. . . 29 

V. Settlement of Delaware. — Printz. — Risingh. — Stuyve- 

sant, — Carr. — Penn. — French War 37 

VI. Settlement of Connecticut. — Andros 43 

VII. Settlement of Maryland. — Baltimore. — Clayborne. 
— Settlement of Rhode Island. — Roger Williams. 
— Andros 47 

VIII. Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. — Mason 
and Gorges. — Cranfield. — Andros '. 5^ 

IX. Settlement of North Carolina. — Raleigh. — Lane. — 
Berkeley. — Locke's Constitution. — Indian Massacre. 
— The Regulators. — Settlement of South Carolina. 
— Sayle. — Moore,— War with the French and Spa- 
niards. — Indian Wars 64 

X. Settlement of Neio Jersey. — Berkeley and Carteret. — 

Andros. — Penn. — Barclay. — Cornbury. — French 
War.— Morris.— Franklin 73 

XI. Settlement of Pennsylvania. — William Penn. — De- 
claration of Independence • 78 

1* (V) 



VI CONTENTS. 

XII. Settlement of Georgia. — Oglethorpe.— War with 
Spain. — Wright. — Revolution 84 

XIII. Summary of Events before the Revolution. — 
French War. — Braddock's , Defeat. — Stamp Act. 

— Conventipn of Delegates 83 

XIV. The Revolution. — Battle of Lexington. — Retreat 
from Concord. — Bmiker Hill. — Siege of Boston. — 
Fort Moultrie. — Long Island. — Trenton. — Prince- 
ton. — Brandy wine. — Retreat to Philadelphia. — 
Battle of Germantown. — Surrender of Burgoyne. 
Baron Steuben. — Retreat of the British from 
Philadelphia. — Storming of Stony Point. — Capture 
of the Serapis. — Countess of Scarborough. — Battle 
of Camden. — Revolt among the troops. — Retreat 
of La Fayette. — Washington moves South. — Siege 
of Yorktown. — Surrender of Lord Cornwallis. — 
General Greene 96 

XV. The United 5'fafes. — Washington. —Adams .— 
Wayne.— French War. — Jefferson. — Aggressions on 
American Commerce. — The Non-Intercourse Act. 
—Madison.— The Little Belt.— Battle of Tippe- 
canoe 122 

XVI. The War of 1812.— Surrender of Hull.— Consti- 
tution and Guerriere. — United States and Ma- 
cedonian. — Wasp and Frolic. — Constitution and 
Java. — Hornet and Peacock. — Operations on the 
Lakes. — Frenchtown. — Fort Meigs. — Battle of 
Lake Erie. — Outrages on the Atlantic frontier. — 
Battle of Tohopeka. — Capture of Fort Erie. — 
Battle of Plattsburg.— Battle of Lake Champlain. 
Burning of Washington. Negotiations of Peace. 
Battle of New Orleans. Treaty of Ghent 128 

XVII. The United States since the War of 1812.— 
Algiers. — Monroe, — Florida War. — La Fayette's 
Visit.— Adams. — Black Hawk War, — Jackson. — 
Florida War, — Van Buren. — The Canadian Rebel- 
lion. — Harrison, — Tyler. — North-Eastern Bound- 
ary.— Annexation of Texas. — James K. Polk 154 




Sailing of Columbus. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE DISCOVERY. 

The Northmen. — Columbus. — Vespucci. — The Cabots. 
— Ponce de Leon. — Verrazani. — Gomez. — Cartier. 
— De Soto. — Ribault. — Frobisher. — Drake. — Gil- 
bert. 

It has been believed by many that America was not 
unknown to the ancients ; and from certain passages in 
the works of some of the writers of antiquity, as well as 
from the coincidences in the languages and customs of 
the nations of the old and new continent, plausible 
reasons have been advanced in favour of this theory. 
Whatever knowledge, however, the inhabitants of 
Europe possessed of America, no traces of it existed at 
the period of the revival of letters; and it was generally 

(7) 



8 



COLUMBUS. 



Bupposed that the Canaries, or Fortunate Islands, formed 
the western boundary of their world. 

Towards the end of the tenth or the beginning- of the 
eleventh century, the northern coast of America was 
discovered by the Northmen, who attempted to colonize 
it; but the colonists, being neglected by the mother 
country, were soon either exterminated by the hostilities 
of the savages by whom they were surrounded, or driven 
to preserve their lives by amalgamating with them. 

For the knowledge of this great continent now pos- 
sessed by the civilized world, we are, however, in- 
debted to the genius and enterprise of Christoval Colon, 
a native of Genoa, better known to us by the name of 
Christopher Columbus*. From a lono- and close appli- 
cation to the study of Geography, this great man had 
obtained a knowledge of the true figure of the earth, far 
beyond what was common to the age in which he lived. 
Another continent, he believed, necessarily, existed to 
complete the balance of the terraqueous globe; but he 
erroneously conceived it to be connected with that of 
India, or a continuation of the same continent. This 
error arose from the construction of the maps of that 
period, w^hich represented the oriental countries of 
Asia as stretching vastly farther to the east than actual 
observation has proved them to extend. Having fully 
satisfied himself of the theoretical truth of his system, 
his adventurous spirit made him eager to verify it by 
experiment. For this purpose he applied to the senate 
of Genoa, developing his views, and representing the 
advantages which would accrue to the republic from the 
possession of a new route to the great source of opulence. 
The Genoese, however, treated the idea as absurd and 
chimerical, and rejected the proposal v»'ith contempt. 
Although disappointed in this first attempt, Columbus 
was not discouraged. He made application to the court 
of Portugal, which had, in that age, greatly distinguished 

* His real name was Colomb, but he latinized it into Columbus, 
aud after his adoption by Spain, changed it according to the lan- 
guage of that country to Colon. 



COLUMBUS. 9 

itself by favouring the spirit of discovery along the 
African coast. Here he met with an additional mortifi- 
cation, from an attempt to anticipate him in the enter- 
prise, which, however, proved abortive at an early period. 
Disgusted with the treachery designed against him, he 
would not listen to the entreaties of the king of Portu- 
gal ; but through his brother Bartholomew, he applied 
to Henry VII., of England, for support in his project. 
The voyage of Bartholomew was long, and the cautious 
prudence of the king great, so that he could not make 
known his favourable disposition to Columbus until the . 
discovery was effected, and another snatched the wreath 
of glory which might have immortalized him. 

As a last resource, Columbus now presented his 
scheme to the court of Spain. After eight years of 
anxious solicitation and contemptuous neglect, he at last 
obtained a gleam of royal favour on his bold and original 
project. The interest of Queen Isabella, who gene- 
rously pledged her own jewels, that she might aid him, 
procured' him three small vessels, with which he set sail 
from the port of Palos, in Andalusia, on the- 3d of 
August, 1492. He steered directly for the Canaries, 
whence, afler having refitted as well as he could, his 
crazy and ill-appointed flotilla, he again sailed on the 
6th of September, keeping a due westerly course over 
an unknown ocean. Several days passed without a 
sight of land, and the anxieties of the sailors arising from 
this circumstance, were heightened by the variations of 
the compass, then first perceived. An open mutiny took 
place, which required alt the courage and address of the 
great navigator to quell it. • They pursued their course; 
but when thirty days had elapsed, without any indication 
of an approach to land, both officers and men joined in a 
second revolt. 

Columbus was forced partially to give way to their 
remonstrances. He consented to return, if, after pro- 
ceeding three days longer, nothing appeared to confirm 
his expectations. With these assurances they again 
proceeded, and, about midnight, on the 11th of October, 
Columbus, who was standing on the poop, discovered a 



10 



COLUMBUS. 




Landing of Columbus. 



light ahead. Morning displayed the joyful sight of land ; 
and the sailors were now as ardent in their expressions 
of repentance and admiration, as they had before been 
insolent and ungovernable. The Island of St. Salvador, 
one of the Bahamas, was the first part of America 
where they had landed. From the rude poverty of 
the inhabitants, Columbus soon perceived that he waa 
still at a distance from the shores of India. The island 
of Cuba was next discovered, and although no gold waa 
found, the natives pointed to the east, where, in an island 
which they called Hayti, this metal was said to abound. 
Columbus proceeded in that direction, and discovered 
Hayti on the 6th of December. Here he found some 
specimens of gold ; and leaving some men to form a 
colony, he returned to Spain. 

On his arrival, he immediately proceeded to court, 
where he was received with admiration and respect. 
The glory and benefit which promised to result from the 
discovery, rendered the government eager to forward his 



CABOT. 11 

design. A fleet of seventeen sail was prepared ; and 
Columbus, who was now appointed viceroy of all the 
countries he Should discover, departed on his second 
voyage, accompanied by many persons of rank and dis- 
tinction. During the progress of this voyage, he dis- 
covered the islands of Dominica, Mari.egalante, Guada- 
loupe, Montserrat, Antigua, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 

The success of this great man, did not fail to excite 
envy and intrigue against him, at the court of Spair 
An officer w^as sent to act as a spy over his actions ; an ■ 
Columbus soon found it necessary to return to Europe, > 
for the purpose of defeating the machinations of his ene- 
mies. He afterwards made several voyages to the New 
World, and touched at the continent at the mouth of the 
river Orinoco, in South America ; not, however, before 
the continent had been discovered by an English navi- 
gator. 

Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, a man of science and 
genius, who had sailed with Columbus, visited the con- 
tinent in 1499, but made very little addition to the former 
discoveries. He, however, published on his return, the 
first description of the new countries that had appeared, 
and the injustice of mankind has given his name to the 
whole continent, an honour to which Columbus was so 
much- more justly entitled. 

The fame which Columbus had gained by his dis- 
coveries, spread through Europe, and inspired many with 
a similar spirit of enterprise. As early as the year 
1495, John Cabot, a Venetian, obtained from Henry VII., 
of England, a commission for himself and his three sons, 
" to navigate all parts of the ocean, for the purpose of 
discovering islands, countries, regions, or provinces, 
either of Gentiles or Infidels whrich have been hitherto 
unknown to all Christian people ; with power to set up 
his standard and to take possession of the same as vassals 
of the crown of England." Such were the terms of 
this grant, which rivalled the bulls of the papal see, in 
the extent of the power and authority it professed to 
confer. In pursuance of this commission, John Cabot 
sailed from England in 1496, carrying with him his three 



12 



CABOT. 



sons. His voyage was intended for the discovery of a 
north-west passage to China, but terminated by 'his fall- 
ing in with the north side of the coast of Labrador, which 
he traced northerly as far as the 67th degree of latitude. 
In the succeeding year, he made a second voyage, on 
board a ship furnished by Henry VII., and accompanied 
by four small barks provided by the merchants of Bristol. 
Of this voyage, Sebastian, his second son, had the 
direction. 




Cabot discovering the Continent. 



On the 24th of June, 1497, he discovered a large 
island, to which he gave the name of Prima Vista, or 
the First Seen. It is now called Newfoundland. He 
then changed his course, steering to the north ; but 
meeting with land in that direction, and finding no ap- 
pearance of a passage to India, of which he was in 
search, he tacked about, and stood to the south, following 
the coast as far as Florida. In 1502, he again visited 
Newfoundland, and on his return carried several of the 
natives of the island home to England, where they were 
exhibited to Henry. 



PONCE DE LEON — FERDINAND DE SOTO. 13 

Eleven years afterwards, Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, 
sailed from Puerto Rico northwardly, and discovered the 
continent in 30^ 8' north latitude. He landed on Eas- 
ter day, whence, according to some, Florida derives its 
name ; but, according to others, it was so called from 
the verdure and bloom, with which, at that season the 
country was covered. For many years, the name was 
applied to tne whole of the continent. 

Several years now elapsed without any further pro- 
gress being made in the discovery of North America. 
The French, who had not displayed the same spirit of 
enterprise as their neighbours, entered the lists in 1524. 
In that year Francis L, sent John Verrazani, a Floren- 
tine, to America, for the purpose of making discoveries. 
He traversed and explored the coast from latitude 28 
degrees to 50 degrees north ; but in a second voyage, 
some time after, was unfortunately lost. In 1525, 
Stephen Gomez, the first Spaniard who came upon the 
North American coast, with a view to discovery, sailed 
from Groyn, in Spain, to Cuba and Florida, thence north- 
ward to Cape Razo, in 46 degrees north latitude, in 
search of a northern passage to the East Indies. 

In the spring of 1534, a fleet was fitted out at St. Ha- 
loes, in France, by direction of Francis I., with the de- 
sign of attempting discoveries. The command of the 
fleet was given to James Cartier. He arrived at New- 
foundland, in May of the same year. Thence he sailed 
northwardly, and on the day of the festival of St. Law- 
rence, he found himself in the midst of a wide gulf, 
which he named the St. Lawrence. He gave the same 
name to the river which empties into it. In this voyage 
he sailed as far north as latitude 51 degrees, expecting 
in vain to find a passage to China. In the following 
year he sailed up the river St. Lawrence as far as the 
falls. He called the country New France ; built a fort, 
in which he spent the winter, and returned the following 
spring to France. » 

On the 12th day of May, 1.539, Ferdinand de Soto, 
with nine hundred men, besides sailors, sailed from 
Cuba, having for his object, the conquest of Florida. 
2 



14 CARTIER — RIBAULT — GILBERT. 

On the 30th of May, he arrived at Spirito Santo, from 
whence he travelled into the interior, and died on the 
banks of the Mississippi. Cartier, in the next year, made 
a third voyage to Canada, built a fort, and began a settle- 
ment in 1541 or 1542, which he called Charlebourg, 
twelve miles above Port St. Croix. He soon afterwards 
broke up the settlement and sailed for Newfoundland. 
In 1542, Francis La Roche v/as sent to Canada, by the 
French king-, with two hundred men, women, and chil- 
dren, but returned with his colony the next spring. In 
1550, a number of adventurers sailed for Canada, but 
were not afterwards heard of No other attempt ap- 
pears to have been made to settle Canada diuring this 
century. 

In 1562, a French squadron, under the command of 
John Ribault, arrived on the coast of Florida, and dis- 
covered a river, which is supposed to be the St. Mary's. 
As he coasted northward, he discovered several other 
rivers, one of which he named Port Royal. The attempts 
to find a north-eastern passage to India having failed, the 
English sent out, in 1576, Captain Frobisher, to find a 
north-western passage. The first land which he made 
was a cape, which he named Queen Elizabeth's Foreland. 
In coasting northerly, he discovered the straits which 
bear his name. The two following years, he made a 
second and third voyage, which produced no material dis- 
covery. In the same year. Sir Francis Drake, being on 
a cruise against the Spaniards in the Pacific ocean, 
landed on the continent of North America, northward 
of California, took possession of a harbour, and called the 
surrounding country New Albion. Three years after- 
wards, Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtained a patent from 
Queen Elizabeth for lands not yet possessed by any 
Christian prince, provided he would take possession 
within six years. In 1583, he sailed to Newfoundland, 
and took formal possession of the continent of North 
America, in the name of the crown of England. In 
pursuing his discoveries, he lost one of his ships on the 
shoals of Sable, and on his return home, a storm overtook 
him, in which he was unfortunately lost. 




Settlement at Roanoke. 



CHAPTER II. 



Raleigh. — Gosnold. — Gilbert. — Weymouth. — Settle- 
ment of Virginia. — Smith. — Harvey. — Berkely. — 
Bacon's Rebellion. — Culpeper. — Old French War. 
— Washington. 

In 1584, a patent was granted by Queen Elizabeth 
to Sir Walter Raleigh, by the authority of which, he 
sent out a colony the next year. They arrived on the 
coast, and anchored a few leagues from Roanoke Island. 
Here they landed, and took posssession of the country 
on behalf of Queen Elizabeth, calling it, in honour of 
her, Virginia. This colony returned to England in 
1586, with Sir Francis Drake. Another attempt was 

(15) 



16 GOSNOLD GILBERT — WEYMOUTH. 

made in the year last mentioned, to establish a colony 
in Virginia, but with similar ill success. A third at- 
tempt, made in 1587, also failed : the colonists perished 
miserably ; having- either died of famine, or been mas- 
sacred by the Indians. 

In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, with thirty-two per- 
sons, made a voyage to North Virginia, as it was then 
called, and discovered and named Cape Cod, Martha's 
Vineyard and Elizabeth Islands. Attempts were made 
to form a settlement in the vicinity, but without suc- 
cess ; and it is believed that, at the beginning of the 
seventeenth century, there w^asnotone European family 
settled on all the vast extent of coast, from Greenland to 
Florida. 

In 1608, Bartholomew Gilbert, in a voyage to south 
Virginia, in search of the colony, which was left there 
in 1597, landed near Chesapeake Bay, where, in a 
skirmish with the Indians, he was slain. In the same 
year, the king of France granted by patent to M. de 
Mons, all the country from the 40th to the 46th degree 
of north latitude, under the name of Acadia. 

In 1605, George's Islands and Pentecost harbour, were 
discovered by Captain Weymouth, who soon afterwards 
entered a large river, now supposed to be the Kennebeck 
or Penobscot. In 1606, James I. divided Virginia into two 
colonies, the northern and southern, which were granted 
to different companies. One of these companies was 
called the Plymouth Company, and to them was en- 
trusted the settlement of New England. The other was 
called the London Company. This latter company, in 
December, 1606, sent out three ships from London, 
with one hundred and five persons, to effect a settlement 
in the country, granted to them by a patent by James I. 
After a tedious and circuitous passage, they entered 
Chesapeake Bay, in April, 1607. 

On a peninsula, a little distance up James River, they 
began their settlement, calling the place Jamestown ; 
both the river and town being named after James I. 
The colony soon began to experience some of the hard- 
ships incidental to new settlers. Their provisions be- 



SMITH. 



17 




Smith showing the Compass. 



gan to fail ; and mismanagement, added to famine, 
brought the colony to the brink of ruin. To the great 
exertions and talents of Captain John Smith, one of the 
most distinguished persons connected with the early 
history of this country, the colony is indebted for its pre- 
servation. His resolute and persevering spirit pre- 
vailed on the adventurers not to abandon the settle- 
ment, while his activity and courage provided the means 
of continuance. An incident, which occurred during 
this period, has lent to his history the attractions of 
romance. While on an exploring journey in search of 
provisions, he was taken prisoner by a large party of 
Indians, who determined to put him to death. His cap- 
tors, however, w^ere diverted from their purpose by his 
showing them a pocket compass, and explaining its pro- 
perties. He was conducted to the king Powhatan, who 
after a short detention condemned him to death. His 
head was placed upon a stone, and the savages were 
2* 



18 LORD DELAWARE. 

about to beat out his brains with clubs, when Pocahon- 
tas, the daughter of the principal chief, Powhatan, after 
in vain imploring mercy for him, rushed forward, and 
resting her head upon that of the captive, and clasping 
his body with her arms, appeared determined to share 
his fate. Powhatan relented, and soon afterwards per- 
mitted Smith to return home. Two years afterwards, 
when the Indians had plotted the destruction of the 
whole colony, Pocahontas, faithful to the attachments 
she had formed, disclosed the plan to the English ; and 
the Indians, finding them on their guard, abandoned the 
project. 

Such was the distress of the colony, in 1610, that the 
survivors had actually embarked on their return to Eng- 
land, when Lord Delaware, who had been appointed 
governor the preceding year, under a new charter, ar- 
rived with a supply of provisions, and one hundred and 
fifty men. Under this governor and his successor, the 
afiairs of the infant settlement were administered with 
so mucli prudence and vigor, that it soon began to ac- 
quire solidity and strength. Useful industry succeeded 
to their previous habits of indolence ; and, aided by a 
fertile soil, they were enabled to raise large stocks of 
provisions. In 1619, the first legislature was convened, 
eleven townships or boroughs, sending representatives, 
counties not then being laid off; from which circum- 
stance the lower house was first called the house of 
burgesses, which name it retained until the revolution. 
About this period upwards of twelve hundred additional 
emigrants arrived, among whom were one hundred and 
fifty young women, who were sold to the planters for 
wives, at one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco each. 
In 1620, were introduced the first negro slaves. They 
were imported in a Dutch vessel, and were soon followed 
by many others. 

In 1622, a dreadful massacre of the settlers took place. 
They were surprised by the Indians, who destroyed three 
hundred and forty-seven persons. Fortunately, a friend- 
ly Indian gave previous notice to the inhabitants of 
Jamestown, in time to put them on their guard, other- 



HARVEY BERKELEY. 19 

wise the whole settlement, probably, would have been 
destroyed. To the distress occasioned by this horri- 
ble act, succeeded a famine, which was, however, alle- 
viated by the arrival of provisions from England. A 
reinforcement of settlers, arriving at the same time, a 
general war was levied against the savages ; and, in a 
short time, most of the neighbouring tribes were exter- 
minated. 

On the 15th of July, 1624, James I. suspended the 
powers of the London company by proclamation, re- 
sumed the charter, and issued a special commission for 
the government of the colony. All legislative and ex- 
ecutive powers were vested in these commissioners, 
from whose arbitrary regulations, the colony suffered se- 
verely. So oppressive was the government of Sir John 
Harvey, appointed in 1629, that the people seized and 
sent him to England, a prisoner. He was succeeded by 
Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of the 
burgesses, and governed the province with mildness 
and prudence. 

At the commencement of the civil war in England, 
when the contest was so violent between the king and 
the parliament, as to bring Charles I. to the scaffold, 
the Virginians adhered to the cause of the monarch ; and, 
refusing to acknowledge the authority of the common- 
wealth, a formidable armament was sent over by the par- 
liament, in 1651, to reduce them to subjection. Unable 
to offer any effectual resistance, the Virginians were 
compelled to submit, but did not lay down their arms, 
until they had secured their most essential rights, by a 
solemn convention, entered into between the commission- 
ers of the parliament, and the governor, council, and 
burgesses of Virginia. The principal stipulations were, 
for the enjoyment of the ancient limits of the colony, as 
granted by the charters of the former kings ; for a fice 
trade ; an exemption from taxation ; the exclusion of 
military force without the consent of the Grand Assem- 
bly; and the privilege of using the book of common 
prayer for one year, omitting those parts which relate to 
kingship. During the existence of the commonwealth 



20 BERKELEY. 

of England, the governors of Virginia were all elected 
by the assembly. In 1658, a severe conflict arose be- 
tween the governor and council and the house of bur- 
gesses. Tlie former having ordered a dissolution of the 
assembly, they peremptorily refused to be dissolved, and 
displaced the governor and all the council, but afterwards 
elected the same governor. On the death of Cromwell 
in 1653, his son Richard was acknowledged as his suc- 
cessor. But, lie resigning in 1658, and it being uncer- 
tain what kind of government might be adopted m Eng- 
land, the assembly of Virginia, in March, 1660, declared, 
that, " there being in England no resident, absolute, and 
general confessed power," did expressly take the powers 
of government into their own hands, " until such a com- 
mand and commission came out of England, as shall by 
the assembly be adjudged lawful." They then elected 
Sir William Berkeley, governor, with injunctions that he 
should govern according to the ancient laws of England 
and the established laws of the colony; directed that all 
writs be issued in the name of the Grand Assembly ; 
and made it the duty of the governor to call an assembly 
once in two years, or oftener, if necessary ; gave him 
the liberty of making choice of a secretary, and council 
of state, with the approbation of the assembly ; restrained 
him from dissolving the assembly, without the consent 
of the majority of the house ; ail laws, inconsistent with 
the government then established, were repealed ; and 
penalties imposed for speaking or acting in derogation 
of it. The religion of the Church of England was also 
declared to be the established religion of the colony ; all 
ministers were ordered to conform, or were not permit- 
ted to " teach or preach publicly or privately ;" and the 
governor and council were authorized to compel non 
conformists to leave the colony with all convenient 
speed. 

The effects of the navigation act, and other measures 
of a similar nature, adopted about this time, were severely 
felt by the trade of Virginia. In addition to this cause 
of discontent, the landed proprietors were alarmed by 
the conduct of the king in granting to his courtiers large 



BACON — BERKELEY LORD CULPEPER. 21 

tracts of land, the titles to which had been regularly 
vested in others. From these causes rose an insurrec- 
tion memorable in the history of Virginia, and known 
by the name of Bacon's Rebellion. 

Colonel Nathaniel Bacon, an eloquent and ambitious 
man, put himself at the head of the people who had assem- 
bled, with the ostensible object of engaging in hostilities 
against the Indians. An injudicious step on the part of 
the assembly, then sitting, in advising the governor to 
issue a proclamation of rebellion against him, deter- 
mined their purpose. They marched to Jamestown, 
and, after dispersing the assembly. Bacon called a con- 
vention, and assumed the reigns of government. A 
civil war now ensued with all its horrors. Jamestown 
was burnt by Bacon's followers, and many parts of the 
colony were given up to pillage. At length, after 
several months of bloodshed and confusion, Bacon sud- 
denly died. The loss of this man proved the ruin of 
his party. The people returned to their homes, and the 
authority of Berkeley was re-established. It was long, 
however, before the prosperity of Virginia was restored. 
Husbandry had been neglected, and licentious habits 
introduced, which many years of order did not eradi- 
cate. Soon after these events, Berkeley returned to Eng- 
land, and was succeeded by Lord Culpeper, who brought 
with him several bills, drawn up by the ministry in Eng- 
land, to which he required the assent of the legislature, 
on pain of being treated as rebels. The object of these 
acts, which were ratified, was the increase of his official 
emoluments ; and the effect was the oppression and im- 
poverishment of the people. During the reign of 
Charles II., and his successor James, Virginia suffer- 
ed in common with her sister colonies, from the en- 
deavours of the Stuarts, to extend their despotic sys- 
tem across the Atlantic, and rejoiced in the change of 
government which drove them from the throne. In 
1683, during the administration of Lord Culpeper, print- 
ing was prohibited in Virginia. 

For a considerable period after the revolution of 1688, 
Virginia enjoyed great internal tranquillity, and experi- 



22 



WASHINGTON. 



enced nojthing to interrupt her growth. In the year 
1732, she gave birth to the most illustrious of her sons, 
the great statesman and patriot, who was destined after- 
wards to achieve the independence of all the colonies. 
During the wars between France and England, prior to 
1754, her local situation exempted her from hostilities. 
From 1754 to 1758, when the French began to put into 
operation their schemes for uniting Canada and Louis- 
iana, the frontiers of Virginia were harassed by incur- 
sions of French and Indian parties, to repel which, a 
regiment was raised, in which Washington first distin- 
guished himself. On the conclusion of peace, when the 
British attempted to raise a revenue within the colonies, 
the statesmen of Virginia were among the first to raise 
the voice of opposition. The eloquence and talents of 
her orators contributed greatly to excite public feeling 
on this occasion. The services and sufierings of Vir- 
ginia, in the war of the revolution, were probably as 
great as those of any other state ; and in Virginia, the 
last important measure of the war took place, in the sur- 
render of Cornwall is. 




John Smith. 




Settlement of Q,uebcc. 



CHAPTER III. 

Settlem€7it of Quebec. — Hudson. — Settlement of New 
York. — Argall. — Van TiviUer. — Kieft. — Stuyve- 
sant. — NichoUs. — Lovelace. — Andros. — Leisler. — 
Sloughter. — Massacre at Schenectady. — French 
War. 

In 1608, M. de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence, 
and settled Quebec. In 1608 or 1609, Henry Hudson, 
a native of England, but at that time in the service of 
the Dutch East India Company, discovered and sailed up 
the noble river which still bears his name. The earliest 
effectual settlement in this state was made by the Dutch, 
in 1613, on the island of Manhattan, now called, New 
York. Their jurisdiction, however, was soon interrupt- 
ed ; for, in 1614, Captain Argall, returning to Virginia 
from Nova Scotia, visited the Hudson, when the 
Dutch, being unable to offer resistance, submitted to the 

(23) 



24 KIEFT — STUYVESANT — ^NICHOLLS. 

English government. TPie next year, a number of ships 
arrived from Holland, and restored the Dutch authority. 
The settlers began to fortify themselves on the island, 
which is now covered by the city of New York, and 
extended their possessions in a few years to the Delaware 
and Connecticut rivers. In 1621, the States General 
made a grant of the country, by the name of New 
Netherlands, to the West India Company. The first 
governor under the company, was Wouter Van Twiller, 
who arrived at Fort Amsterdam, as New York was then 
called, in 1629. William Kieft, the second governor, 
was engaged in frequent disputes with the neighbouring 
colonies. He protested, without success, against what 
he considered the encroachments of the English in Con- 
necticut, and on Long Island ; and, in 1640, broke up 
their settlements at Oyster Bay by force. 

Peter Stuy vesant was the third and last governor of the 
New Netherlands. His administration was, like that of 
his predecessor, a period of contest, both of words and 
weapons. The people of New England on the east, and 
the Marylanders and Swedes to the south and west, kept 
him constantly employed either in negotiation or warlike 
enterprises. An agreement was, however, made re- 
specting boundaries, with the people of Connecticut ; 
and the Swedes on the Delaware were compelled to 
submit to his authority ; but the entire Dutch govern- 
ment in North America, soon afterwards passed away. 

In 1664, Charles II., of England, urged by the repre- 
sentations of the neighbouring English colonies, granted 
to his brother, the duke of York, a patent for a large tract 
of country, including New York and New Jersey, and 
provided him with the means of obtaining possession of 
it. A considerable force, under the command of Colonel 
Nicholls, arrived in the harbour of New York, in August, 
1664, and summoned the province to surrender to the 
British crown, offering the inhabitants protection in their 
persons and estates. Governor Stuyvesant, an old and 
brave soldier, determined to make all the defence of 
which the place was capable, and, aware of the pacific 
disposition of the inhabitants, refused them a sight of the 



NICHOLLS ANDROS. 25 

summons, lest the easy terms offered should induce them 
to capitulate. Nicholls, however, published a proclama- 
tion, which wrought so much upon the people, that the 
governor, finding- himself unsupported, was .reluctantly 
obliged to yield. The English forces took possession, 
first of the town of New York, and afterwards of Fort 
Orange, on the Hudson, which last received the name 
of Albany, after one of the titles of the duke of York. 
An expedition was immediately sent to the' Delaware ; 
and, taking possession of the forts and places in that 
quarter, the English jurisdiction was extended and con- 
nected over New York and New Jersey. 

The authority of Nicholls over New York was 
supreme; but it appears to have been exercised with 
justice and moderation. He was succeeded by Colonel 
Lovelace, under whose administration the Dutch again 
obtained a short-lived ascendency. In 1673, some Dutch 
ships arrived at Staten Island ; the commander, finding 
the forts not in a state of defence, landed a body of men, 
who entered the town without resistance. The whole 
province renewed the oath of allegiance to the states 
general, only to be absolved from it again in a short 
time ; for, on the conclusion of the treaty of peace, in 
1674, between Holland and England, a formal cession 
of the whole territory was made to the latter. The 
Duke of York, on this event obtained from the king a 
new patent for the same tract of country, which had 
been granted, in 1664, and constituted Sir Edmund An- 
dres governor-general. Under the administration of 
this tyrannical deputy, New York was governed for 
several years as a conquered country, without any other 
laws than such as were ordained by his sole authority. 
At length, in 1633, permission was given to ^elect re- 
presentatives ; and the people, for the first time, took 
a part in the government. The oppressive measures 
of James II. and his representative Andros, predis- 
posed the inhabitants of New York, in favour of the 
change, which was then taking place in England. On 
the news of the imprisonment of Andros, by the people 
of Boston, Leisler, a captain of militia, collected a body 
3 



26 LEISLER — SLOUGHTER. 

of men, and seized the port of New York, in the name 
of the Prince of Orange. The Lieutenant-governor. 
Nicholson, absconded, and Leisler, who had been joined 
by several officers of militia, assumed the chief com- 
mand of the province. The people of the southern part 
of the colony submitted readily to his authority ; but 
those of Albany and its neighbourhood, though profess- 
ing to adhere to William and Mary, refused to acknow- 
ledge the government of Leisler. A force was therefore 
sent against Albany, which compelled the opposition to 
submit. In this state of things. Colonel Sloughter ar- 
rived from England, with a commission from King Wil- 
liam, as governor of the province. Leisler, who had 
become intoxicated by success, refused to surrender his 
authority, and attempted to hold out the fort against the 
English commissioner. He was, however, deserted by 
his party; apprehended with some of his adherents; 
and, together with his son, was condemned to death and 
executed. 

The English revolution was productive of great ad- 
vantages to New York. An assembly was called by 
the governor ; and a bill of rights formed, by which the 
trial by jury, and an exemption from all taxes, not im- 
posed by the representatives of the people, were estab- 
lished. For many years the province enjoyed repose, 
and made rapid advances in prosperity and population. 
In the wars which arose with the French of Canada, 
and the frontier Indians, at the conclusion of the seven- 
teenth century, the province embarked with no less zeal 
than the other colonies, and suffered severely in the 
conflict. Repeated incursions by the savages, in the pay 
of the French, rendered the frontier settlements a scene 
of desolation and bloodshed. In 1690, in the dead of 
night and winter, a sudden attack was made on the town 
of Schenectady, near Albany, and an indiscriminate mas- 
sacre of the inhabitants took place. Sixty-seven per- 
sons were put to death, and many lost their lives or their 
limbs, in their flight to Albany. Harassed by these in- 
cursions, the people of New York, joined readily in the 
attempts to effect the reduction of Canada. In 1709, 



DEFEAT OF DIESKAU. 27 

and ag-ain in 1711, they contributed largely in men 
and money, to aid the British expedition, which failed 
through the incapacity of the British commanders. 




Defeat of Dieskau. 



The frontiers of New York were again the theatre of 
hostilities, in the war which ended in 1763. In 1755, a 
French army, under Dieskau, invaded the province from 
Montreal, and was met by a body of New England and 
New York troops, under Sir William Johnson, one of 
the council of New York. A warm engagement en- 
sued, which ended in the repulse of the French, with 
great loss on botli sides. In 1757, Fort William Henry, 
on Lake George, was taken by Montcalm. In the suc- 
ceeding 3''ear, an unsuccessful attack was made on the 
French at Fort Ticonderoga, by General Abercrombie. 
In 1759, however. General Amherst captured Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Pomt ; and General Johnson, after 



28 NEW YORK. 

aefeating a French army, took Fort Niagara. The 
surrender of Canada, in 1760, relieved the province from 
the chief impediment in the way of its advancing im- 
portance. 

Between this period and the memorable era of inde- 
pendence, we meet with fev^ important events to narrate 
in the history of New York The people of this colony 
opposed as strenuous a resistance to the stamp act, of 
1765, and to the subsequent measures of the British 
government, as their sister provinces. In 1767, the 
assembly refusing to provide quarters for the British 
troops, according to an act of parliament, a bill was 
passed for restraining the assembly from proceeding in 
business, until they had complied with the act. This 
severe and oppressive measure, naturally excited indig- 
nation throughout the continent. In 1769, resolutions 
were passed by the assembly, similar to those of the 
other assemblies, upon the subject of the attempt of the 
British government to impose taxes on the colonies. 
The Declaration of Independence was assented to by 
the New York delegates in Congress ; but many of the 
principal inhabitants were inclined to favour the royal 
cause. The city of New York was taken possession of 
by the British army, early in the contest, and remained 
in their possession until the treaty of peace. The state, 
generally, was the theatre of hostilities, during the 
greater part of the war. 





Arms of Massachusetts. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Settlement of Massachusetts. — The Pilgrims — Carver. 
— Charles 11. — James II. — Andros. — William and 
Mary. — Old French War. — The Stamp Act. 

To the Plymouth company was entrusted the coloni- 
zation of the country lying- between the 38th and 45th 
degrees of north latitude. This company was unfortu- 
nate in it^ early attempts. Its first ship was captured 
by the Spaniards. A party of about one hundred per- 
sons landed safely in 1607, but were so much reduced 
in number by the severity of the winter, and the diseases 
of new settlements, that in the succeeding- spring- they 
abandoned the country, and several years elapsed before 
the company renewed the undertaking-. Religious fer- 
vour, however, effected what commercial enterprise had 
failed to accomplish. In 1620, a congreg-ation of 
English puritaps, whom oppression had driven to Holland, 
3 * (29) 



30 



THE PILGRIMS. 



obtained from the London Company, a grant of lands 
within their charter, and, to the number of one hundred 
and one, sailed from Plymoutii for the river Hudson^ on 
whose banks they intended to settle. They were 
carried farther north, however, and landed near Cape 
Cod, at a place, to which they gave the name of New 
Plymouth. Their first care was to form a system of 
civil government. They chose John Carver for their 
governor, and, to aid him in the discharge of his duties, 
appointed an assistant. The number of assistants was 
increased some years afterwards to seven. The supreme 
power resided in the whole body of the inhabitants, and 




4. 




Landing of the Tilgrims. 



it was not until 1639, that they established a house of 
representatives. In imitation of the primitive Christians, 
they threw all their property into a common stock; but 
the experience of the mischiefs arising from this politi- 
cal copartnership, soon induced them to relinquish it. 
In 1630, they obtained from the Plymouth Company, a 
grant of the land on which they had settled. 



THE PILGRIMS, 31 

The settlement of Massachusetts did not advance with 
much rapidity for some years, although detached parties, 
driven over by the persecutions of the high church, es- 
tablished themselves in different places. Salem was the 
first permanent town erected, and shortly afterwards 
Charlestown was built. A fresh spring was given to 
the exertions of the Plymouth Company, by the grant 
of a new royal charter in 1628, and the removal of the 
powers of government to New England, which had been 
previously exercised in the mother country. The num- 
ber of emigrants now began to be considerable. In 
July, 1630, seventeen ships arrived at Salem with fifteen 




Settlement of Boston. 



32 THE PILGRIMS. 

hundred persons, by some of whom, the foundation of 
Boston was laid. The early years of the new colony 
were passed in a complication of troubles. The suffer- 
ings which they experienced from the severity of the 
climate, and the difficulties of the soil, were aggravated 
by the hostility of the natives, and the equally hostile 
attempts of the British government upon their civil and 
religious freedom, by contests with their French neigh- 
bours in the north, and by their own mistaken policy and 
lamentable dissensions. The civil policy of the settle- 
ment was not at all to the taste of the English monarchs 
of the Stuart line. In 1635, Charles I. appointed com- 
missioners, with absolute power, " to make laws and con- 
stitutions, concerning either the state, public, or the utili- 
ty of individuals." Two years after this, he forbade emi- 
gration to the plantations, to all who should not conform to 
the discipline of the church of England ; and in 1638, a 
quo warranto was issued against Massachusetts, upon 
which judgment was given against the colonies, without 
affording them a hearing. The state of affairs at home, 
however, prevented any further prosecution of these de- 
signs, on the part of the British government. 

The experience of their own sufferings in England, 
from religious persecution, unfortunately taught the colo- 
nists no lesson of toleration. Scarcely had they organized 
themselves, when they began to put in practice a similar 
mode of compelling religious uniformity. One of the 
first ordinances of the general court, excluded from po- 
litical suffrage, all who did not profess the strictest doc- 
trines of their creed. In 1635, the famous dispute arose 
respecting the covenant of grace^ and the covenant of 
works, and those who espoused the side of the latter, 
being the most numerous, resorted to the ancient mode 
of glorifying God, by persecuting their opponents. The 
leaders of the antinomian party were banished, and thus 
contributed to the settlement of Rhode Island, which 
had been begun the preceding year, by Roger Williams, 
and a party exiled for a similar cause. 

In 1636, the Pequods sought to destroy the colony, by 
formintj an alliance with the Narragfansetts. This mea- 



MASSACRE OF THE PEQVODS. 



33 




Massacre of the Pequods, 



sure was defeated by the courage and address of Roger 
Williams, who succeeded in detaching the Narragan- 
setts from the confederacy. The Pequods were then 
attacked by some troops from Connecticut, who sur- 
prised and burnt their settlement, and put nearly the 
whole tribe to death. 

The downfall of monarchy in England, checked the 
progress of emigration, by securing protection to the 
puritan religion at home, but was in some other respects 
advantageous to the colonies of New England. Their 
civil liberties were more safe, and some extraordinary 
privileges were granted to their commerce. Under the 
protection of the republican administration in the mother 
country, their wealth and population increased with ac- 
celerated rapidity. The prospect of hostilities with the 
Indians, however, compelled Massachusetts, Plymouth, 
Connecticut, and New Haven, to form an offensive 



54 ANDROS. 

union. The confederacy seems to have had reference 
to no other object, and each colony retained its separate 
jurisdiction. On the restoration of Charles II., the 
colony of Massachusetts was found to increase in num- 
bers and importance to such a degree, that the anxiety 
of the monarch was naturally awakened lest an impres- 
sion should be made in favour of the efficacy of a demo- 
cratic administration. Accordingly, commissioners were 
appointed to superintend affairs, with great powers of 
control, to which the assembly of Massachusetts were 
ill disposed to submit. Altercations ensued ; the navi- 
gation act was enforced against the colony, and the 
destruction of its charter was resolved upon ; but death 
marred the execution of this project by Charles II. 

His successor, James II., was equally hostile to the 
principles of freedom, and prosecuted the designs of his 
brother with greater obstinacy. He determined to unite 
all the provinces of New England into one government, 
under a president and council, and found a fit agent 
for his purpose in Sir Edmund Andros. After dissolv- 
ing the governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island, 
the new president proceeded to Massachusetts, where 
he compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances 
wore, in vain, made to James II. The infatuated mon- 
arch was determined to crush the spirit of freedom in 
both hemispheres, and, in furtherance of his designs, an- 
nexed New York and New Jersey to the union already 
formed. The government of Andros expired with that 
of his royal master. A vague report having reached 
Boston of the proceedings in England on the landing 
of the Prince of Orange, the people rose without any 
previous concert, seized and imprisoned Andros and his 
adherents, and restored the former order of things. 
The intelligence of the abdication of James being re- 
ceived, William and Mary were proclaimed at Boston, 
with great rejoicings. 

The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no 
great advantages from the change of government. They' 
petitioned for the restoration of their charter, which the 
judges of Charles II. had declared to be forfeited ; but 



FRENCH WAR. 35 

they found, to their dissatisfaction, that they were not 
to expect the same liberal provisions as before. The 
king was to appoint the governor, by whom the assem- 
bly was to be called, prorogued, or dissolved, and most 
officers appointed. By the new charter, the colony of 
Plymouth was now finally united to Massachusetts. 
The war which broke out in Europe soon afterwards, 
extended its ravages to New England. The Indians 
were incited by the French of Canada to make inroads 
upon the settlements, and the colonists, in return, wasted 
their wealth and strength in ill managed expeditions 
against the French provinces. We find that Massachu 
setts contributed, in 1690, an armament of seven ves- 
sels and eight hundred men, for an expedition against 
Port Royal, which miscarried, through the blunders of 
the royal governor ; and, in the same year, united with 
Connecticut in raising a body of troops, amounting to 
two thousand men, for an attack on Quebec, which 
failed from the same cause. Similar exertions were 
made, and attended with similar results, until the ter- 
mination of the war by the treaty of Ryswick. When 
the war again broke out in Europe, Massachusetts was 
not less prominent in her contributions to the common 
cause. 

In 1708, twelve hundred men were raised for another 
abortive attempt upon Canada; and in 1711, besides 
sending a considerable armament to assist in a formidable 
expedition against Quebec, this province issued 40,000Z, 
in bills of credit. While contributing thus strenuously 
to the support of the wars undertaken by England, the 
assembly of Massachusetts was warmly engaged in 
contests with the royal governor. Every session pre- 
"onted the same scene of altercation, and public business 
was with difficulty transacted, through the determina- 
tion of the representatives not to give a fixed salary to 
their governors, which the latter were resolved to 
obtain. 

In 1745, France and England being again involved in 
hostilities, an expedition against the strong fortification 
of Louisbourg was projected in Massachusetts. A power- 



36 



FRENCH WAE. 



lul armament was prepared, principally by this province, 
and the command of the land forces given to Colonel 
Pepperel, a rich merchant. After an extraordinary dis 
play of bravery and skill, on the part of the assailants, 
the place was surrendered. The British officers present 
claimed all the merit of the affair, and Louisbourg was 
restored to France at the conclusion of the war, to the 
no small mortification of the New Englanders. In the 
war which ended in the conquest of Canada, Massachu- 
setts surpassed her former exertions. In the year 1757, 
she had 7000 men in the field, and maintained this num- 
ber until the peace of 1763. 

Massachusetts was, in the early part of the Revolu- 
tion, the theatre of hostilities, by which she suffered 
much, while she contributed greatly, by her exertions, to 
the successful issue of the conflict. 

In all periods of the history of Massachusetts, one of 
the great sources of wealth has been the fisheries on her 
coast. 





Gustavus Adolphus. 



CHAPTER V. 

Settlement of Delaware. — Printz. — Risingh. — Stuy- 
vesant. — Carr. — Penn. — French War. 

The first European settlers in the territory which 
now composes the state of Delaware, were the Swedes 
and Fins. The region from which they emigrated, after 
having, in the early ages of the Christian era, covered 
Europe with its superabundant population, has contri- 
buted remarkably little to the settlement of America. 
Originally few in number, and successively reduced 
by the Dutch and English, the adventurers from the 
4 (37) 



OO SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS. 

northern hive have left scanty memorials of their ex- 
istence as a distinct colony. 

The year 1627, was the epoch of the earliest perma- 
nent settlement in this province. Delaware Bay had 
been previously visited by trading- vessels from the 
north of Europe, whose reports of the fertility and beauty 
of the country excited, in the breast of Gustavus Adol- 
phus, a desire to form a colony of his subjects there. 
Accordingly, in 1626, an association, composed of many 
of the nobility, and the principal officers of government, 
together with persons of all classes, was formed for this 
purpose, and denominated the West India Company. In 
the succeeding year they despatched a body of settlers 
to the scene of the intended colony. The emigrants 
landed at the southern Cape of the Delaware, now called 
Cape Henlopen, but which received from them the name 
f)f Point Paradise. To the country on both sides of the 
Delaware, they gave the appellation of Nova Suecia. An 
amicable intercourse was opened with the Indians; and, 
by voluntary cession from the people, the new comers 
extended their acquisitions to a considerable distance 
up the river. 

In 1630, a fort was built by the Swedes at Hoarkill, 
now called Lewistown; and, in the succeeding year, 
they erected another near the present site of Wilming- 
ton, on a creek, to which they gave the name of their 
celebrated queen, Christina. Settlements were also 
formed as high up as Chester and Tinicum, in the pre- 
sent state of Pennsylvania. The occupation of these 
settlements, however, by this little colony, was not 
destined to be a tranquil one. 

The bay and river on which the Swedes had planted 
themselves, were discovered by Hudson, then sailing in 
the Dutch service, a year previous to the visit of Lord 
Delaware, from whom they have derived their present 
name. The Dutch, consequently, laid claim to the 
country, and included in their pretensions all the terri- 
tory between the North and South Rivers, the latter be- 
ing the name they bestowed on the Delaware. They 
contented themselves, however, with establishing a 



PRINTZ — RISINGH. iS\f 

colony on the North River, and with a few trading' set- 
tlements on the east bank of the Delaware, until the 
progress of the Swedes, on the western bank, alarmed 
them for the validity of their title. A controversy then 
arose on the subject of right. The Swedes, who had ob- 
tained from Charles IT. a cession of the British claim, 
were not disposed to yield their settlements. Theis 
governor, Printz, however, suffered the Dutch to erec 
a fort, in 1651, on the spot where Newcastle now stands 
by which means they obtained the command of the navi 
gation of the river. Three years afterwards Governor 
Risingh, who succeeded Printz, attacked this fort by 
surprise, and carried it. This produced open hostilities ; 
and in 1655, the Dutch, under the command of Peter 
Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam, arrived in 
the Delaware, to the number of seven hundred. Fort 
Casimir, at Newcastle, was retaken, and shortly after- 
wards, the whole territory submitted. Here ended the 
Swedish power, on the continent of America. The 
Swedish officers, and most of the principal inhabitants, 
were taken prisoners and sent to Holland ; but the com- 
mon people were suffered to remain in their possessions, 
on their submission to the conquerors. The colony was 
incorporated with that of New Amsterdam, under the 
general title of the New Netherlands ; and the seat of 
the petty government of the time, was fixed at New 
Amstel, or Newcastle. 

The Dutch had hardly established their power over 
the Swedes, when they found their title questioned by 
the English, of Maryland. Lord Baltimore, the proprie- 
tary of that province, conceiving that his boundary was 
the 40th degree of north latitude, sent a commission to 
Newcastle, ordering the Dutch governor to remove be- 
yond that limit. This command was not obeyed, and a 
war of manifestoes and proclamations broke out, and 
was continued without effect for some time. The Dutch 
power on the Delaware, however, was not of long con- 
tinuance. 

In March, 1664, Charles II. granted, by patent, to his 
brother the duke of York, all that part of the continent 



40 CARR — COLOR. 

of North America, lying between the west side of i 
Connecticut river, and the east side of the Delaware ; 
and prepared an armament to take possession of the 
country. In September, of the same year, the whole of 
the Dutch possessions on the Hudson were surrendered 
to the English, under Colonel Nicholls ; and in the suc- 
ceeding month, an expedition, under Sir Robert Carr, 
compelled the settlements on the Delaware to submit to 
the British arms. Thus, after a short dominion of nine 
years, was suspended the Dutch authority on the western 
bank of the Delaware. 

The administration of affairs was now committed to 
the hands of Captain Carr, with whom Colonel Nicholls 
associated a council of six of the principal persons. 
Five years afterwards, a commission of justice was ap- 
pointed, with power to try all matters in differences under 
the sum of ten pounds; but, for all controversies above 
that sum, and all criminal proceedings, the jurisdiction 
was reserved to the government at New York. The 
capture of New York, by the Dutch, in 1673, revived 
their authority for a brief period on the Delaware. Dep- 
uties were sent to New York, declaring the adhesion of 
the settlements at New Amstel, and other places ; in 
return for which, Anthony Color was appointed gover- 
nor, by the " honourable and awful council of war of the 
New Netherlands." The treaty of peace of 1674, how- 
ever, by which the whole country was restored to the 
English, put a final period to the Dutch government. 
In the same year, Charles II., by a new patent, granted 
to the duke of York all the country called by the Dutch 
New Netherlands, of which the settlements on the 
western bank of the Delaware formed a part ; and from 
this period, to the year 1682, the territory of the present 
state was under the jurisdiction of the government of 
New York. 

The original grant to William Penn, made in the year 
1680, did not comprehend any territory, south of a circle 
drawn at twelve miles distance from Newcastle, north- 
ward ; but, in 1682, the whole country to Cape Henlopen 
was conveyed to him by the duke of York. The present 



DELA.WARE. 41 

state of Delaware was then, as now, divided into three 
counties, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex ; and from this 
period to the American Revolution, was generally called 
" the three lower counties upon Delaware." The 24th 
of October, 16S2, will be memorable for the landing of 
William Penn, at Newcastle, when he proceeded to 
take possession of the country. Four months afterwards, 
at an assembly convened at Upland, an act of union was 
passed, by which the three lower counties were annexed 
to the province of Pennsylvania. The Dutch and Swedes 
residing within the limits of the new proprietor's domin- 
ions, were naturalized, and appear to have yielded a 
cheerful obedience to his government. We find them, 
more especially the latter, occupying public offices in the 
province, as well as the territories. 

From 1682 to 1703, the representatives of Delaware 
and Pennsylvania met in one legislature. The union, 
however, which subjected both to the same charges, had 
never been satisfactory to the former. In 1701, a dis- 
agreement took place, which required all the authority 
and influence of the proprietary to subdue. The recon- 
ciliation was only a temporary one ; and two years af- 
terwards a separation into distinct assemblies took 
place by mutual consent, and has remained permanent 
The same governor, however, presided over both pre- 
vinces. In 1704, the first local assembly met at New- 
castle, and shortly afterwards passed an act for build- 
ing a fort at that place, and imposing duties on vessels 
passing it, which was considered an infraction of the 
charter of Pennsylvania. Serious consequences seemed 
likely to ensue ; but the resolute conduct of some of the 
merchants of Philadelphia, rendered the act nugatory, 
and after some ineffectual attempts to enforce it, the 
project was abandoned. Nothing important is recorded 
of the history of the three lower counties, between the 
beginning and middle of the eighteenth century. In 
1760, the long-contested dispute between the proprieta- 
ries of Pennsylvania and Maryland, respecting the 
boundaries of the counties upon Delaware, was finally 
settled, and the line which was then agreed upon, has 
4* 



42 DELAWARE. 

since remained undisturbed. In the war which ended 
with the surrender of Canada, in 1763, Delaware con- 
tributed her full proportion of exertions to co-operate 
with the parent country ; and, as a reimbursement for 
her extraordmary expenses, the parliament granted her 
4000/. sterling, a sum quite insufficient for the purpose. 
Delaware remained under the government of the pro- 
prietary of Pennsylvania, though with a separate legis- 
lature, until the year 1775. The dependence was, how- 
ever, merely nominal ; for we find the territory repre- 
sented as a distinct province in the congress which con- 
vened at Philadelphia in 1765, on occasion of the stamp 
act. Its delegates were then Thomas McKean and 
Csesar Rodney, At length, in April, 1775, Richard 
Penn, then proprietary of Pennsylvania, resigned his 
jurisdiction over the lower counties; and in the Sep- 
tember of the following year, 1776, the dominion of 
Great Britain having been thrown off, a convention of 
representatives, chosen for the purpose, formed a consti- 
tution, and the territory, taking the name of Delaware, 
became a free and independent state. In the revolution- 
ary war, Delaware laboured and suffered greatly. No 
part of the continent contributed better troops, or was 
more steadfast in the common cause, than this little 
state. The Delaware regiment was distinguished for its 
bravery and efficiency among the regular forces. 




King Philip. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Settlement of Connecticut. 

Connecticut was first settled by emigrants from Mas- 
sachusetts. So early as the year 1634, the inhabitants of 
that colony began to feel straitened by its boundaries, 
and having obtained the permission of the general court, 
a number of families established themselves on the 
banks of the Connecticut River. They were followed 
some time afterwards by emigrants from England, who 
settled on a different spot; and thus two colonies arose, 
which were called Connecticut and New Haven. They 
continued under distinct governments, until the year 

(43) 



44 SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 

1662, when the royal charter consolidated them under 
the general name of Connecticut. A constitution was 
formed for themselves, by the people of the original pro- 
vince of Connecticut, in 1639. In the same year the 
people of New Haven met in convention, and resolved 
that the Scriptures afforded a perfect and sufficient rule 
for civil government. 

In the incidents of their early annals, these settle- 
ments are closely similar. The people of both were 
exposed to the same rigorous climate, suffered alike 
from want of food and shelter, laboured with the 
same difficulties, in the clearing of the soil, and main- 
tained the same harassing contest with the neigh- 
bouring savages. In 1673, the first confederation was 
formed in this country, by the league of the two 
colonies of Connecticut with those of Massachusetts and 
Plymouth, under the name of the United Colonies of 
New England. 

On the restoration of Charles II. to the English 
throne, a charter, remarkable for its republican fea- 
tures, was granted to Connecticut, and included under 
the same government the colony of New Haven. So 
favourable was this instrument to civil liberty, that the 
people were content to be governed by it during all the 
Revolution ; and, notwithstanding the agitations of sub- 
sequent years, until a very recent period. Shortly after 
the establishment of this government, the colony was 
relieved from two great sources of anxiety and evil. 
The Dutch at New York, who had laid claim to a great 
part of Connecticut, and with whom an irritating con- 
test, more however of words than weapons, had been 
maintained, were conquered by an English expedition. 
A fierce and bloody war with the Indians was ter- 
minated by their entire subjugation, and the death of 
their leader, Philip, the most skilful and persevering 
enemy the settlers of New England ever encountered. 
Scarcely, however, did the colony begin to taste the 
«weets of peace, when new troubles arose. The ar- 
*c>gant and avaricious disposition of the English govern- 



ANDROS. 45 

ment, which in the end produced a separation of the 
colonies, displayed itself thus early in their annals. 

In 1685, a quo ivarranto was issued against Con- 
necticut, and in the succeeding year similar process was 
again issued, with the hope of compelling a surrender 
of the charter. The assembly was, however, not disposed 
to yield privileges bought with so much hardship and 
blood. Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed go- 
vernor of New England, finding that the charter could not 
be obtained, declared that the government was taken into 
the hands of the king, and proceeded to administer it in 
his name. Without an assembly, he taxed the people at 
his pleasure; compelled them to take out patents for their 
lands at a great expense ; and, in short, grievously op- 
pressed them in every mode, and enriched himself and 
his followers. His reign was fortunately not destined 
to continue long. The Revolution which gave constitu- 
tional freedom to England in 1688, was equally happy 
for the liberties of America. The colonies were too 
feeble to contend with the crown of England at that time, 
and the ruin of their free institutions would probably 
have been completed, had the Stuarts continued to reign. 
Before official intelligence of the event reached Connec- 
ticut, the people had resumed the government into their 
hands, and deposed Andros, who was imprisoned in 
Boston. 

The ancient charter of Connecticut was re-established 
on the accession of William and Mary. It had never 
been surrendered ; and considerable address was dis- 
played, during thie oppressive government of Andros, to 
conceal it. But the satisfaction of the people was soon 
lessened by a new attack on one of their most essential 
rights. The government of New York was given to 
a Colonel Fletcher, with authority to command the 
militia of Connecticut and the neighbouring provinces. 
The legislature of Connecticut refused to acknowledge 
his right, as, by the charter, the command of their militia 
was given to the colony. A warm verbal dispute en- 
sued. Fletcher visited Hartford, where he attempted 
to enforce his authority, but was so manfully resisted 



46 CONNECTICUT. 

that he was glad to abandon his design and return to 
New York ; and shortly afterwards the king in council 
determined in favour of the province, upon a petition, 
praying that their right to the command might be con- 
firmed. Six years after this event another attempt was 
made upon the chartered rights of the province, with 
similar ill-success. While thus harassed by repeated 
attempts upon her civil rights, Connecticut, like the 
other provinces, was compelled to engage in the un- 
necessary contests which the mother country maintained 
with France, and to contribute her blood and treasure in 
support of the weak and ill-contrived expeditions that 
were sent forth by the English against Canada. In 
1709, great exertions were made to assist an enterprise 
undertaken for this purpose. The armament expected 
from England, however, did not arrive, and the expedi- 
tion was thus defeated in the outset. In the succeeding 
year, another levy of men and money was made ; troops 
were sent out from England, but the attempt failed 
through the blunders of the English commanders. In 
1745, Connecticut contributed liberally in men and mo- 
ney to the campaign which produced the capture of 
Louisbourg ; and in the succeeding war which termi- 
nated in the conquest of Canada, her exertions were out 
of proportion to her population and strength. In 1758, 
no fewer than five thousand men were voted by the 
legislature, who were equipped and ready for the field 
in a short time ; and at one period six thousand troops 
from Connecticut were in actual service. The expenses 
incurred in the war from 1755 to 1762, by this province, 
amounted to the great sum of four hundred thousand 
pounds sterling beyond what was allowed her by the 
British parliament. 

A short period of repose succeeding, Connecticut par- 
ticipated in the prosperity enjoyed hj the provinces in 
general, and made rapid advances in population and 
wealth. When the British government, however, at- 
tempted to put in execution its design of collecting a 
revenue from its colonies, this province was one of the 
most zealous in opposition. The continuance of the tax 



SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 47 

upon tea, and some other articles of consumption, pro- 
duced a deep feeling of hostility towards towards Britain. 
Committees of correspondence acted in concert with 
those of Massachusetts ; and the militia of the province 
furnished a considerable force for the relief of Boston. 
During the Revolutionary war, Connecticut suffered 
little from the actual presence of the enemy, though she 
contributed her due proportion to the successful issue of 
the conflict. 



CHAPTER VII. 

Settlement of Maryland. — Settlement of Rhode Island. 

Maryland was the first province and the third Eng- 
lish colony planted in North America. In 1631, Wil- 
liam Clay borne obtained from Charles I, a license to 
trade with those parts of America, for which a patent 
had not been already granted. Availing himself of this 
permission, he planted a small colony on Kent Island, 
nearly opposite to the present town of Annapolis. About 
the same time, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, an 
eminent statesman, who had been secretary to James I., 
and a professor of the Roman Catholic religion, made 
a voyage to Virginia, with a view to form a settlement of 
persons of the same religious persuasion, whom the intol- 
erant policy of the prevailing party in England forbade to 
enjoy tranquillity at home. His views were however 
counteracted in Virginia, and he was destined to be the 
founder of an independent colony. Meeting with an 
unwelcome reception in Virginia, he fixed his attention 
on the territory north of the Potomac, and as soon as he 
returned to England, obtained a grant of it from Charles 
I. Before a patent could be made out, however, he died, 
leaving his son, Cecil Calvert, to complete the design. 

To this second Lord Baltimore the patent was granted, 
on the 20th of June, 1632. The territory conveyed, 



48 



LORD BALTIMORE. 




Cecil Calvert. 



was from the Potomac to the 40th degree of north 
^titude, being part of what had been previously con- 
veyed to the Virginia company. But subsequently to 
granting the charter of Pennsylvania, the address of 
William Penn, and the despotic injustice of James II. 
and his council, stripped Lord Baltimore of what now 
forms the state of Delaware, and similar address of Penn 
obtained a contract from the proprietary of Maryland, un- 
der which the Court of Chancery in England curtailed the 
limits of Maryland on the north, about half a degree of 
latitude, and fixed them at the place where they are 
established. The country granted io Lord Baltimore was 
called Maryland, in honour of Henrietta Maria, then 
queen of England, wife of Charles I. The principles 
upon which the settlement of this colony was begun 
were alike honourable to the humanity and wisdom of the 



MARYLAND. 49 

founder. They were similar to those cotemporaneously 
adopted by Roger Williams in the colony of Rhode 
Island, and subsequently by William Penn, on a greater 
scale, in the settlement of Pennsylvania. They ad- 
vanced the prosperity and population of Maryland at a 
rapid pace, and have left an imperishable brilliancy on 
the character of Lord Baltimore. The chief features 
by which the policy of this settlement was honourably 
distinguished above others of that period, were universal 
toleration of religious opinions and practices, and a sys- 
tem of humanity towards the Indian nations, whom the 
proprietary conceived it was more in the spirit of Chris- 
tianity to civilize than to exterminate, and more pru- 
dent to make friends than enemies. 

Acting on these principles, the first emigration to 
Maryland, consisting of about two hundred persons, 
chiefly Roman Catholics, persons of property, landed in 
1634, on the north side of the Potomac, at an Indian 
town called Piscataway. Leonard Calvert was appoint- 
ed, by Lord Baltimore, the first governor. The free 
toleration of religious sentiments, the fertility of the 
soil, and other natural advantages, soon drew numbers 
to Maryland, whom the harsh policy of Virginia and 
New England deterred from those settlements. The 
Indians perceiving that the new comers were dis- 
posed to treat them with humanity, freely ceded half 
their town, and united with them in planting corn. The 
town received the name of St. Mary's. The first legis- 
lative assembly was held at this place, in 1635, and was 
attended by the whole body of the freemen. They drew 
up a system of laws, which they sent over to Lord Balti- 
more for his approbation. The proprietary, however, 
rejected them, and sent for their consideration, a code of 
laws drawn up by himself. The assembly, in their turn, 
rejected this code, and prepared a system of regulations 
for themselves. In 1639, an act was passed, establishing 
a representative government of two branches. One 
body was elected by the people, and styled burgesses ; 
the other was called by special writ, and included the 
governor, counsellors, and secretary. Both branches, 
o 



50 



MARYLAND. 



however, sat in the same chamber. In 1650, a change 
took place in this system, by dividing the legislature into 
distinct houses. The governor and council composed 
the upper, and the representatives of the people the 
lower house. The assent of each branch, and of the go- 
vernor, was necessary to all laws, which were afterwards 
submitted to the proprietary for his approbation or re- 
jection. 

The first trouble experienced by the people of Mary- 
land, arose from Clayborne, whom they had found settled 
on Kent Island. He appears to have possessed a vindic- 
tive and restless disposition, and contrived, for a long 
time, to harass the colony. On the arrival of the first 
settlers, he applied to the crown for a confirmation of 
his former license. This was refused; and, notwith- 
standing the king's grant, the Lord's commissioners de- 
termined that Kent Island belonged to Lord Baltimore — 
and that neither a settlement, nor a trade w-ith the In- 
dians was allowable without his consent. Clayborne, 
disgusted with this decision, and unable to contend with 
the power of the proprietary, intrigued with the Indians 
until he excited them to hostilities. A war commenced 
vi'ith them in 1642, which lasted several years, and ended 
with the submission of the natives. In 1645, he was 
more successful. By his address he raised an insurrec- 
tion among the colonists, and compelled Governor Cal- 
vert to fly to Virginia, while he and his associates ob- 
tained the helm of government. In the succeeding year, 
however, the insurgents were overthrown, and quiet w^as 
restored. 

During the civil wars of England, the peace of the 
province was again disturbed. The majority of the 
landed proprietors were favourable to the cause of roy- 
alty, or the proprietary government ; but the opposition 
was powerful, and a civil war ensued. After the death 
of Charles I., the parliament appointed commissioners 
" for reducing and governing" the colony. Clayborne 
was one of the commissioners, and it may be supposed 
he entered upon his duties with no very good will to the 
proprietary government. After several skirmishes, 



MARYLAND. 51 

fought with various success, the republican party, or 
those opposed to the proprietary, prevailed. Stone, the 
governor of the province, was taken prisoner, and suf- 
fered a long confinement. An assembly was called by 
the triumphant party, when the intolerant code of the 
English laws, to prevent the growth of popery, was 
enacted. Such were the severities inflicted upon those 
who had planted the colony, and displayed the most lib- 
eral sentiments towards Christians of other persuasions. 

In 1656, the province was again disturbed by an in- 
surrection, which was headed by Josias Fendall. Two 
years afterwards, the commissioners appointed by Crom- 
well, surrendered the government into the hands of 
Fendall, who had received the nomination of governor 
from the proprietary. The affairs of the province re- 
mained, however, in an unsettled state, until the restora- 
tion of Charles 11. gave confidence to the friends of 
monarchy. Philip Calvert was now appointed governor 
by Lord Baltimore, and the former order of things re- 
stored. In the same year, hostilities broke out with the 
Shenandoah Indians. The war was not of long dura- 
tion, the colonists being aided by the Susquehannah 
Indians. About this time the number of white inhabi- 
tants had increased to upwards of 12,000. 

Maryland, like the other English colonies in North 
America, was attacked in her charter by the last 
Stuart kings. In the general system of government, 
projected by James II,, this province was included ; but, 
probably through the address of the proprietary, Charles^ 
the third Lord Baltimore, the usual steps to obtain a re- 
vocation of the charter, were delayed until a little time 
previous to the abdication. A quo warranto was sent 
out ; but, before judgment could be obtained upon it, the 
Revolution took place in England. In 1692, protestant 
doctrines being those of the predominant party, the 
assembly divided the colony into parishes for the dif- 
fusion of the Episcopal faith. Two years afterwards, the 
town of Severn, on the western shore of the Chesa- 
peake, received the name of Annapolis. In 1699, the 
assembly removed thence from St. Mary's, and it has since 



52 SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. 

been the seat of government. From the restoration of 
Charles II. until the Revolution in England, the govern- 
ment continued in the proprietary : but, when the Revo- 
lution in England took place, the government of Mary- 
land was usurped from the proprietary, by what was 
termed the Protestant Association in arms, and tendered 
to William and Mary, who accepted it, and it continued 
a royal province until 1716. The descendants of the 
proprietary renounced the Catholic religion, when the 
government was restored to him, and it continued a 
proprietary government until the Revolution which 
established the independence of the United States. 

Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, illus- 
trious for the wisdom and benevolence of his political 
system, was born in Wales, in the last year of the six- 
teenth century. Having embraced the opinions of the 
Puritans, and, being of a spirit not to brook control in 
matters of conscience, he sought religious liberty in 
America. On his arrival in Boston, in 1631, he promul- 
gated sentiments respecting freedom of conscience, for 
which the minds of men were not yet prepared. He 
maintained, to the astonished and indignant clergy of 
Massachusetts, that all men were entitled of right to the 
secure exercise of their opinions on religious subjects; 
and that, provided the peace of society was not disturbed, 
the civil magistrate had no warrant to interfere with 
modes of worship. Having tried the effect of argument 
and remonstrance upon him, and finding them ineffectual 
to cure him of this "damnable heresy," the church 
leaders represented his case to the General Court, who 
condemned him and his disciples to banishment out of 
their jurisdiction, and thus unintentionally laid the foun- 
dation of a new colony in the neighbourhood. Roger 
Williams was hospitably received by Canonicus, the In- 
dian chief, and after various wanderings, he fixed upon 
a place, to which he gave the name of Providence, in 
acknowledgment of God's goodness to him ; and, having 
purchased a tract of land of the Narragansetts, began the 
settlement of Rhode Island, in the year 1686. 

The new colonists here entered into a voluntary asso- 



RHODE ISLAND. 



63 




Canonicus receiving Roger Williams. 



ciation, and framed a government, composed of the 
whole body of freemen, for the preservation of peace, 
and the making of such laws as their situation might 
require. To their perpetual honour, they did not for-, 
get to impose upon themselves the restrictions they had 
inculcated upon others, in respect to religious toleration. 
"All men," they declared, "may walk as their con- 
sciences persuade them, every one in the name of his 
God." Religious controversy in other parts of the 
colonies, soon led to the increase of the settlements, and 
the wise principles of its founder rendered it an asylum 
to which the persecuted of all denominations fled. 
Shortly after the exile of Roger Williams, a contro- 
versy arose in Massachusetts between those who main- 
5* 



•^i RHODE ISLAND. 

tained the " Covenant of Works," and those who espoused 
the " Covenant of Grace ;" and the latter party, being the 
least numerous, the usual course vi^as adopted, of banish- 
ment. Accordingly, Mrs. Hutchinson, the leader of the 
Antinomians, with a band of chosen disciples, followed 
the steps of Williams ; and, arriving in his neighbour- 
hood, purchased a tract of land, and made a settlement. 
The latter colony was, at first, distinctively called by 
the name of Rhode Island, as that of Williams's was 
called Providence Plantations, and each formed an asso- 
ciation, governed by its own laws ; but, in 1644, they 
were incorporated into one government, and have since 
received the general appellation of Rhode Island. 

The treatment of the Indians, by the first settlers of 
Rhode Island, corresponded with the liberal and Catholic 
principles they professed. The land which they required 
for their colony was fairly purchased. Endeavours were 
made to improve the moral condition of the savages, and 
to impart to them the blessings of the Gospel ; and hos- 
tilities with this people, which interfered so much with 
'.he prosperity of some other colonies, seems to have been 
almost unknown in the history of Rhode Island. In 1644 
a charter was obtained from the government of England, 
which gave the people of this colony abundant privileges 
to form such a constitution and adopt such laws as they 
thought proper. By the frame of government which the 
people adopted on this occasion, the executive power 
was placed in the hands of a governor and four assist- 
ants. The legislative power remained in the people at 
•large. In May, 1647, the first General Assembly, con- 
sisting of the collective freemen, was convened. The 
governor and assistants constituted the supreme court 
for the administration of justice. Every township formed 
a corporation within itself, and elected a council of six, 
for the management of its peculiar affairs and the settle- 
ment of its disputes. 

The settlement of Rhode Island was, for a long time, 
regarded with a jealous eye by its powerful neighbour, 
Massachusetts, and the colony, deprived of any assist- 
ance, was forced to depend upon its own growing 



RHODE ISLAND. 55 

resources. When the confederacy of Plymouth, Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven, was formed, 
under the name of the United Colonies of New England, 
in 1643, Rhode Island, at the instance of Massachusetts, 
was excluded from it, and her commissioners were not 
admitted into the Congress of deputies which formed it. 
On her petitioning afterwards in 1648, to be received as 
a member, her request was refused, unless she would 
consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and thereby 
surrender her separate existence. The condition was 
rejected without hesitation, and she was never admitted 
into the confederacy. In 1663, a new charter \vas 
granted to Rhode Island by Charles IL, under which the 
state was governed until a recent period. The pre- 
amble to this instrument displays the continuance of those 
sagacious and benevolent views of public policy which do 
so much honour to tiie first settlers of this state. After 
reciting that the colonists have declared their desire "to 
hold forth a lively experiment, that a most flourishing 
civil state may stand and best be maintained with a full 
liberty in religious concernments," it proceeded with a 
liberality far from universal, even in this age, " that no 
person within the said colony, at any time hereafter, shall 
be in any wise molested, punished, disquieted or called in 
question, for any difference of opinion in matters of re- 
ligion, who do not actually disturb the civil peace ; but 
that all and every person and persons, may from time to 
time and at all times hereafter, freely and fully enjoy hia 
and their own judgments and consciences in matters of 
religious concernment, they behaving themselves peace- 
ably and quietly, and not using this liberty to licentious- 
ness and profaneness, nor to the civil injury or outward 
disturbance of others." Thus an unlimited toleration 
of all religions, whether founded on the Christian reve- 
lation or otherwise, seems to have been adopted ; and 
the consequences were soon visible in the rapid growth 
and harmonious prosperity of this little commonwealth. 
The only source of disquiet arose from the oppressive 
measures of the parent country, which were exercised 
upon all the colonies alike. The charters were too 



56 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 

liberal for the taste of the English court, and it was de- 
termined to destroy them. In 1685, a quo warranto 
was issued against Rhode Island, and in the succeeding- 
year, the celebrated Sir Edmund Andros adopted the 
same measures towards this colony, that had been pur- 
sued with the others of New England. The seal of the 
province was broken, the government was dissolved, and 
the administration taken into his own hands. On his 
imprisonment in 1689, the people resumed their charter, 
and the mode of government it had guaranteed. 

From this period to the commencement of the Ameri- 
can Revolution, the history of Rhode Island is barren of 
incidents. Fortunate in living under a well-regulated 
democracy, enjoying a salubrious climate, and possessing 
great advantages for commerce, the inhabitants of this 
province, if they played no distinguished part in the 
drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We find it 
recorded that, in 1730, the population was about eighteen 
thousand persons, and that in 1746 it was estimated at 
thirty-live thousand. In the last-mentioned year, three 
hundred men were voted for an expedition into Canada, 
projected by the British government. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. — Mason 
and Gorges. — Cranjield. 

The first discovery made by the English of any part 
of New Hampshire, was in 1614, by Captain John 
Smith, who navigated the coast from Penobscot to Cape 
Cod, and, on his return home to G^eat Britain, gave so 
favourable an account of the country to Prince Charles, 
that he bestowed on it the name of New England. In 
1621, Captain John Mason, a member of the Plymouth 
Company, whose name is inseparably connected with 



NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 



57 




Mason and Gorges naming their provinces. 



the history of this state, procured a grant from the 
company of all the land from the river Salem to the 
Merrimack ; and in the next year another grant was 
made to Mason and Sir Ferdinand Gorges of all the 
lands between the Merrimack and the Sagadahock. To 
this last tract was given the name of Laconia. It in- 
cluded a part of JNIaine. Under the authority of their 
grant, Mason and Gorges attempted, in 1623, the estab- 
lishment of a colony, at the Piscataque ; and other set- 
tlements were made on the coast, both by grantees un- 
der Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth and 
Massachusetts, who purchased from the natives. When 
Mason and Gorges divided their provinces, they gave to 
them the names respectively of their native counties; 
the former calling his New Hampshire, and the latter 



58 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 

giving the name of New Somersetshire to his, which 
was subsequently called Maine. The settlements, 
however, were slow in their progress for many years. 
The boundaries were in dispute, a considerable portion 
of the territory being claimed by Massachusetts. The 
settlers generally occupied themselves in hunting, fish- 
ing, cutting timber, and trading with the Indians, in- 
stead of pursuing a regular business of agriculture. 

In 1629, a large tract wa^ granted by the Indians to 
John Wheelwright, and others. In the same year, 
Mason applied for, and obtained, from the Plymouth 
Company, a new grant, of all the lands from the middle 
of the Piscataqua to its head, " thence north-westward, 
until sixty miles from the mouth of the harbour were 
finished ; also, through Merrimack river, to the furthest 
head thereof, and so forward up into the land westward, 
until sixty miles were finished ; and thence to cross 
over land, to the end of the sixty miles accounted from 
the Piscataqua." This is the tract of country now 
called New Hampshire. 

The conflicting titles derived from the Indians, and 
under the grant of Mason, were fruitful sources of dis- 
quiet to the province for many years. The settlements 
which had been formed on the coast, were detached, and 
without any general government that could protect 
them from foreign incursions, or the consequences of 
disagreement among themselves. 

About 1640, the inhabitants negotiated with Massa- 
chusetts to take them under her protection. The pro- 
posal was agreed to on the part of the province, of which 
they were admitted freemen on equal -terms; and the 
union lasted nearly forty years, both parties deriving 
advantages from it. About this time Mason died, and 
the confusion occasioned by the civil wars in England, 
prevented his heirs from obtaining a legal recognition 
of their claim. 

As soon as Charles II. was restored to the throne, 
Robert Mason, grandson of the original patente-e, pre- 
ferred a complaint against Massachusetts for usurping 



NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 59 

jurisdiction over his property. The king- sent out com- 
missioners, with general powers to hear and determine 
complaints, and to settle the peace and security of the 
country. The Assembly of Massachusetts declined 
submitting to their jurisdiction, and denied their autho- 
rity to interfere. The matter was brought before the 
king, in council, who decided, in 1679, in favour of 
Mason's claim. In consequence thereof, New Hamp- 
shire was separated from Massachusetts, and subjected 
to a new government, consisting of a governor and coun- 
cil, of royal appointment; and an assembly of represen- 
tatives, chosen by the people. 

The first acts of the assembly were expressive of their 
attachment to freedom. They declared that no law or 
ordinance should be imposed upon them, but such as 
should be made by the assembly ; and, foreseeing, per- 
haps, the troubles in which they were about to be in- 
volved from the claims of Mason, they enacted that all 
grants should remain as they were before, and that all 
controversies about the titles to land should be tried by 
juries. 

In 1680, Mason arrived from England, and imme- 
diately began to assert his right to the entire soil, in a 
manner the most vexatious to the people. The council 
interfered, and forbade his collecting rents, which he 
claimed to be due to him, by summary process. Find- 
ing that he was not able to bend them to his views, he 
returned to England, and procured a change to be made 
in the government. 

Edward Cranfield was appointed governor, with large 
powers. His commission authorized him to call and 
dissolve the assembly, to impose a negative upon their 
acts, to suspend any of the council, and to appoint judges 
and other officers by his sole authority. Soon after his 
arrival, he called upon the inhabitants to take out leases 
from Mason, within the short period of a month, under 
penalty of confiscation of their estates, and imprison- 
ment of their persons. A considerable proportion of the 
lands within the province was held by fair purchasers, 



60 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 

under titles derived from the Indians, and the holders 
made common cause with each other against the arbi- 
trary demands of Mason. 

A few only of the inhabitants took leases ; but the 
great body was determined in their refusal to submit. 
The first suit instituted by Mason was against Major 
Waldron, who had distinguished himself by his opposi- 
tion to the proprietary claims. Judgment was given 
against him, and in all the succeeding suits a similar re- 
sult was obtained. Cranfield now assumed the whole 
legislative power, and, to further his schemes of con- 
firming the power of Mason, and enriching himself, he 
scrupled not to resort to the most cruel and dishonest 
modes of oppression. The assembly, having refused to 
pass a bill for raising money, which he had caused to be 
laid before them, he dissolved the session, and, descend- 
ing to a pitiful revenge, caused many of them to be 
appointed constables, by which means he hoped to ob- 
tain the fine which was levied on such as refused to 
fill the office. 

A dissenting minister, named Moody, had rendered 
himself obnoxious by his expressions in favour of free- 
dom, and Cranfield determined to put in force against 
him, the laws of England, punishing non-conformity. 
He, accordingly, gave Moody notice that he intended 
to partake of the Lord's supper on the next Sunday, 
and required him to administer it according to the 
liturgy. It was in vain that Moody represented that 
he was not Episcopally ordained according to the statute. 
He was put in confinement, his benefice forfeited, and, 
after the expiration of his imprisonment, he was glad to 
escape to Boston. 

The complaints of the people, at length reached the 
ears of the English government. The proceedings of 
Cranfield were declared illegal, and he obtained per- 
mission to resign. The attempts of Mason, to enforce 
executions upon the judgments he had obtained, were 
warmly resisted. On one occasion warrants were 
issued against a party of rioters, some of w^hom the 



NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. fil 

sheriff was endeavouring to arrest in church. He was 
stoutly resisted by the congregation, and a female patriot 
distinguished herself by knocking down one of the 
officers with her Bible. 

After the accession of James II., new schemes for the 
North American provinces were meditated. In 1686, 
Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston, with a com- 
mission, appointing him governor-in-chief over all New 
England, and authorizing him with his council, to make 
such laws and impose such taxes as they thought proper. 
New Hampshire, like the other provinces, fell under the 
vindictive tyranny of the English viceroys. The press 
was shackled, liberty of conscience invaded, and op- 
pressive taxes imposed ; and, to prevent complaints be- 
ing heard, no person was allowed to leave the country 
without an express license. This state of things con- 
tinued until the Revolution in England, when Andros 
was seized by the people of Boston and sent home a 
prisoner. 

New Hampshire being now left without a govern- 
ment, the people determined to return to their former 
connexion with Massachusetts. A petition being pre- 
sented to the court, they were readily admitted. This 
union, however, lasted only three years. The English 
government determined that New Hampshire should 
form a distinct province, notwithstanding that a conven- 
tion of the people had petitioned that they might be an- 
nexed to Massachusetts. During these changes of go- 
vernment, Mason had not slept on his claims. Previous 
to the abdication of James IL, he had vainly endeavoured 
to enforce the suits he had brought. The judges were 
averse to issuing executions, and after some time he ob- 
tained an order removing his causes to Boston. Death, 
however, put a stop to his proceedings. His heirs sold 
the claim to Allen, a merchant of London, who obtained 
from the crown a commission as governor of the province. 
He prepared to enforce his title to the land ; but on ex- 
amining the record of the court, it was found that all that 
6 



Uii NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

part which contained the judg-ment against Waldron, 
and others, was missing. Suits were therefore brought 
anew, and eventuated in favour of the defendants. 
Allen appealed to the king in council. The death of 
William delayed proceedings, and soon afterwards, Allen 
himself died. His son renewed the ejectment against 
Waldron, in whose favour another decision was made. 
Allen applied to the queen, but died before judgment 
was given. His heirs, being minors, did not renew the 
claim. Many years afterwards, the heirs of Mason re- 
vived the controversy, but their interest was purchased 
by the assembly, and the long protracted contest ended 
in 1747. 

New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the 
one that suffered most from Indian hostilities. It is 
impossible in this sketch to give even an outline of the 
harassing conflicts she was compelled to maintain with 
these savages. From the earliest settlement of the pro- 
vince, her progress was retarded by their inroads. Hus- 
bandmen were slaughtered in their fields, women and 
children were carried away, and the most distressing 
scenes of individual misery occurred almost daily. 
These outrages were probably often provoked by the 
settlers ; and the savages were frequently excited by 
the neighbouring French, as, in later years, they have 
been stirred up by the English against this country. 
As the population of New Hampshire increased, and the 
frontiers extended, Indian incursions became less fre- 
quent ; and after the surrender of Canada to the British 
arms, the province was entirely exempted from their 
ravages. In the twelve years of peace which followed, 
New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and 
wealth. Her settlements extended farther west than 
the original limits prescribed by the patent. Until 
1764, it was supposed that the territory which now 
forms the state of Vermont, was part of the province, 
and grants were accordingly made by the government 
of New Hampshire. The district was, however, allotted 
to New York, by the English government, and a contro- 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 63 

versy ensued, which continued until the independence 
of Vermont was acknowledged, in 1790. During the 
contest many of the towns of New Hampshire, lying 
near the Connecticut river, attached themselves to the 
Vermontese ; but in the end returned to their former 
submission. 





Southern Scenery. 



CHAPTER IX. 



Settlement of North Carolina. — Settlement of South 
Carolina. 

North Carolina originally formed part of that ex- 
tensive region, which by the French was named 
Florida, and by the English, Virginia ; and was in- 
cluded in the patent granted in 1584, to Sir Walter 
Raleigh. Amidas and Barlow, who had been sent out 
under his direction, discovered Pamlico Sound, and took 
possession of the country in the name of Queen Eliza- 
beth on the Fourth of July, a memorable day in the 
history of the United States. After exploring the coun- 
try, where they were hospitably received, they returned 
to England, carrying with them two of the Indians. A 
^second expedition, commanded by Ralph Lane, and Sir 
Richard Granville, arrived on the coast of North Caro- 

(64) 



NORTH CAROLINA. 65 

lina, in July of the following year. They landed a party, 
who engag-ed in a dispute with the Indians, and wan- 
tonly burnt their town and destroyed their corn. In 
August, the vessels returned to England, leaving a 
colony of about one hundred persons on the Island of 
Roanoke. Soon after their departure, the Indians en- 
tered into a plot to destroy the colony. The scheme 
was ripe for execution, when the secret was discovered 
to Lane, who took effectual measures to counteract it. 
The colony escaped destruction, but their sufferings had 
been great, and when, in the spring of 1586, Sir Francis 
Drake visited the coast, they took advantage of the op- 
portunity and returned to England. 

A few days after their departure several vessels ar- 
rived with stores and colonists, but, finding no remains 
of the colony, they left the coast. Raleigh, not discour- 
aged by these disappointments, fitted out three vessels 
the next spring, and stocking them with colonists, ob- 
tained a charter for the company, under the name of 
"The Governor and Assistants of the City of Raleigh, in 
Virginia." Misfortunes still attended the attempt. A 
colony was left on Roanoke, consisting of upwards of one 
hundred persons; bu^ when, three years afterwards, 
some vessels touched at the island, they found a deserted 
and ruined town, without seeing a human being, and 
from that period no knowledge has been gained of the 
missing colony. Many years passed away before the 
attempt to settle North Carolina was renewed. 

About the middle of the seventeenth century, some 
planters emigrated from Virginia, and with others began 
a settlement in the county of Albemarle. They found 
the climate mild and the soil fertile. From the flatter- 
ing description which they gave of the country, a con- 
siderable number of families were induced to join them, 
and thus began the first permanent settlement of North 
Carolina. In 1661, another settlement was made near 
Cape Fear, by a number of adventurers from Massachu- 
setts, who obtained a grant of their lands from the native 
proprietors of the soil. They suffered severely, how- 
ever, from the Indians, who at last broke up the settle- 
6* 



66 NORTH CAROLINA. 

merit on the pretence that some of their children, whom 
the settlers had obtained for the ostensible purpose of 
sending them to Massachusetts for education, had been 
sold into slavery. In 1665 a colony arrived from Bar- 
badoes, and purchased a considerable tract of land from 
Sir William Berkely, who allowed three years for the 
payment of quit rents, and held out encouraging offers 
to settlers. To each person who should make an actual 
settlement he offered one hundred acres in fee ; the same 
quantity for each child and man servant, and for woman 
servants and slaves the portion was fifty acres. This 
colony, which consisted of eight hundred persons, car- 
ried on a commerce with Barbadoes, exchanging slaves 
for dry goods and the produce of the island. 

While these settlements were struggling with the 
difficulties incidental to their situation, the whole coun- 
try between the 31st and 36th degrees of north latitude, 
was granted by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and 
others. Under this patent, the proprietors claimed Caro- 
lina, and also jurisdiction over all who had settled 
within it, and placed them under the general super- 
intendence of Sir William Berkely, the governor of 
Virginia. The inhabitants of Albemarle, who had 
purchased their lands of the Indians, and supported 
themselves without the aid of the patentees, were natu- 
rally dissatisfied with the prospects of being compelled 
to pay quit rents. They petitioned that they might be 
allowed to hold their lands on the same terms as lands 
were held in Virginia. This reasonable request was 
not immediately granted, and the settlers revolted from 
the government of the proprietors for nearly two years ; 
but, on receiving assurances that their petition was 
granted, they submitted to the new order of things. In 
1667, a constitution was framed for the government of 
the infant colony. A General Assembly was to be 
instituted, consisting of the governor, who was to be 
chosen by the proprietors ; twelve counsellors, and 
twelve delegates, annually chosen by the freeholders. 
No taxes were to be laid except by the consent of the 
Assembly. Two years afterwards, a constitution, re-' 



NORTH CAROLINA.. 67 

markable for the novelty and extravagance of its fea- 
tures, and equally remarkable as having been the 
production of the famous John Locke, was attempted to 
be put in force. By the provisions of this single instru- 
ment, a palatine or president was to be chosen for life ; 
a hereditary nobility was to be created, consisting of 
landgraves and caciques ; the former to possess six- 
teen, the latter four thousand acres of land ; the estates 
and titles to descend concurrently for ever. The parlia- 
ment was to consist of the proprietors, the nobility, and 
the representatives of the freeholders. They were all 
to assemble in one apartment ; they had no power of 
originating laws, but could only decide on such as should 
be prepared in the grand council of governor, nobility, 
and proprietary deputies. The whole number of regu- 
lations in this constitution amounted to one hundred and 
twenty. Unfortunately, there were no nobility in the 
settlement, and the titles sat awkwardly on the rude 
planters. The commonalty were dissatisfied with the 
proposition, and their discontent, aggravated by other 
causes, at last found vent in an open insurrection. The 
palatine, and some of the new-fledged nobles, were 
overpowered and put in prison, and the insurgents exer- 
cised authority during the space of two years. For 
many years after this period, a state of things prevailed 
in North Carolina not very favourable to the improve- 
ment of the colony. Government was feebly adminis- 
tered ; the presiding officers were frequently changed 
or deposed, and morals were greatly relaxed. The pro- 
gress of the settlements was slow. In 1702, the whole 
province is said to have contained only six thousand 
persons. 

In 1710, a considerable number of Palatines arrived, 
and settled near the Roanoke, in Albemarle and Bath 
counties. 

For many years, the settlers of North Carolina had 
lived in good harmony with the Indians; and it does not 
appear that any provocation was given to the latter, 
other than that which arose from the increasing num- 
bers and gradual encroachments of the whites. In 



68 NORTH CAROLINA. 

1712, however, a horrible outrage was committed. The 
Cbrees and Tuscaroras conceived the design of destroy- 
ing, in cold blood, all the whites in Carolina. Accord- 
ingly, on a night mutually fixed for the purpose, when 
the planters were unsuspicious of evil, the savages en- 
tered their houses and commenced an indiscriminate 
slaughter. Of the Roanoke settlers, one hundred and 
seven were butchered in one night. The alarm being 
given, many escaped the meditated destruction. Infor- 
mation was sent immediately to Charleston, whence the 
assembly sent a body of six hundred militia, under 
Colonel Barnwell, who were joined by a number of 
friendly Indians. With much difficulty the commander 
explored his way through the wilderness which sepa- 
rates the two Carolinas. Having overcome these diffi- 
culties, he surprised the Tuscaroras, killed about three 
hundred, and made one hundred prisoners. Those who 
survived, sought refuge in their fortified town, but they 
were pursued by Barnwell and attacked. A great 
number were killed, and the survivors, to whom a 
treaty of peace had been granted, soon afterwards lefi 
the country and united themselves with the Five Na- 
tions. 

In 1717, the proprietors sold the province to the crown 
for the sum of 17,500Z. sterling; and from this period to 
the epoch of independence, the government was admin- 
istered by officers appointed by the king. The colony 
soon afterwards received an accession of members by 
the arrival of some Moravians, who settled between the 
rivers Yadkin and Dan ; and of Irish and Scotch Presby- 
terians, who established themselves in the north-western 
parts. Its prosperity, however, was again retarded by 
an insurrection, in 1771, of the inhabitants of the west- 
ern counties, who styled themselves " Regulators ;'' and, 
complaining of oppressions practised in the administra- 
tion of justice, professed a desire to regulate these 
matters, by destroying the lawyers. With this view, 
they organized themselves into a formidable body 
of fifteen hundred men ; but Governor Tryon marched 
against them with about one thousand militia, and 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 




Treaty with the Indians. 

totally defeated them. Three hundred were killed, and 
the remainder sued for mercy. Soon after this period, 
the contest with Great Britain commenced, and although 
this colony had suffered, perhaps, less than any other 
from British misgovernment, the majority of the inhabi- 
tants joined heartily with their brethren of the other 
colonies in opposition to the schemes of the British min- 
istry, and afterwards in the declaration of independence. 
South, as well as North Carolina, was in 1662, granted 
to the Earl of Clarendon and seven others, who were 
constituted absolute lords and proprietors of the province. 
The germ of the population of South Carolina was first 
planted at or near Port Royal, in 1670, by a few emi- 
grants from England, under the direction of William 
Sayle, the first governor of the province. Dissatisfied 
with the situation, they removed in 1671 to the western . 
bank of Ashley River, and there laid the foundation of old 
Charleston. The site was injudiciously chosen, for it 
could not be approached by vessels of large burden, and 



70 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

it was in consequence abandoned. A second removal 
took place in 1680, to Oyster Point, a spot at the con- 
fluence of the rivers Ashley and Cooper, when the foun- 
dation of the present city of Charleston was laid, and in 
one year thirty houses were built. 

The settlement at Port Royal received the name of 
South Carolina, soon after its commencement; but it, 
together with North Carolina, continued the joint pro- 
perty of the same persons for many years. They had. 
however, separate governors and assemblies. Locke's 
constitution was as obnoxious to the people of this pro- 
vince as it was to their neighbours; and here, as there, 
produced nothing but anarchy and discord. The people 
soon grew tired of the oppression of the proprietors, 
and petitioned for a change of government. They pre- 
ferred the control of a monarch to the tyranny of an 
oligarchy, and in 1719 effected a change in the system, 
by whicii the government was vested in the crown. 

In 1729, the proprietors gave up their rights to the 
government upon receiving an indemnity, except Lord 
Carteret, who never formally ceded his share. From 
this period, the colony was governed on the same plan 
as the others, and its growth became more rapid. 
Population began to pour in when discord subsided. 
After the final conquest of New York by the English, 
many Dutch emigrants settled in the province. The 
revocation of the edict of Nantes, contributed greatly to 
its prosperity, more by the respectability and useful char- 
acter of the French protestants, who established them- 
selves in Carolina, than by their numbers. They gene- 
rally settled themselves on the Santee River. The 
insurrections in England in 1715 and 1745, in favour of 
the Stuarts, sent a number of exiles to South Carolina : 
many arrived from Germany and Switzerland, and the 
British government transported fifleen hundred French 
colonists from Nova Scotia. Besides these, the bounty 
of fourteen pounds which had been allowed in 1712, for 
the importation of every healthy male person, between 
twelve and thirty years of age, was the means of procur- 
ing great numbers of settlers. The prosperity of Caro- 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 71 

lina had also been promoted by another cause. About 
the end of the seventeenth century, a vessel from Mad- 
agascar touched at Charleston. Governor Smith visited 
the captain, who presented him with a bag of seed rice, 
informing him of the manner of cultivating it, of its nu- 
tritiousness and great increase. The seed was divided 
among several planters, and was found to answer fully 
the expectations of the governor. From this accidental 
circumstance was introduced what soon became one of 
the staple commodities of South Carolina. 

The progress of this state in population and prosperity 
was, however, impeded in the early part of the eigh- 
teenth century, by the hostility of the Indians and of the 
Spaniards of Florida. In 1702, an expedition was fitted 
out at the suggestion of Governor Moore, for an attack 
on St. Augustine, although war had not been formally 
declared by Britain agamst Spain. The governor was 
in person at the head of the expedition, and was unfortu- 
nate in its management and conclusion. The troops 
were landed, and the siege commenced ; but, on the 
arrival of two Spanish vessels, the governor hastily re- 
treated by land, with his men, abandoning his ships to 
the Spaniards. 

The next year, the Apalachian Indians having been 
the cause of a great annoyance to the settlers. Governor 
Moore marched into their country, destroyed their towns 
between the Alatamaha and the Savannah, and, after kill- 
ing a large number, compelled the tribe to submit to the 
British government. In 1706, the Spaniards and French, 
as a retaliation for the attempt upon St. Augustine, 
prepared an expedition against Charleston. It consisted 
of a French frigate under Captain Le Feboure, and four 
armed sloops, having on board about eight hundred men. 
The province was then under the direction of Governor 
Johnson, a man of courage and abilities. By his stren- 
uous exertions, the town was placed in a state of defence, 
which deterred the Spaniards from prosecuting their at- 
tempt farther than to land a small body of troops. These 
were attacked by Johnson, and most of them killed or 
taken prisoners. The squadron and the remainder of 



72 SOUTH CAROLINA. 

the troops returned to Florida, without having effected 
any of the purposes for which they were sent out. 

From 1712 to 1718, the inhabitants of South Carolina 
were engaged in an unvarying round of hostilities with 
the Tuscaroras of North Carolina, and with the Yemas- 
sees of their own province. These wars were under- 
taken by the Indians, with the declared object of exter- 
minating the whites. From 1755 to 1759, the province 
was harassed by the encroachments of the Cherokees, 
who made incursions into the frontier settlements, and 
broke them up. Quiet was restored for a short time, by 
a treaty of peace ; but, in 1760, hostilities again broke 
out with these savages. The unfortunate settlers were 
exposed to every variety of hardship and suffering ; and, 
to add to their calamities, the small-pox raged with de- 
structive violence among them. This state of things 
continued until 1763, when a general peace was con- 
cluded. 

From this period until the Revolution of 1776, the 
province of South Carolina enjoyed great prosperity, and 
the population nearly doubled itself At the commence- 
ment of the revolutionary contest, the Carolinians, who 
had experienced little of the oppressive system which 
the British government had exercised towards the more 
northern colonies, were somewhat undecided as to the 
part they ought to take. At this period, a mail, brought 
by the English packet, was seized by the patriotic com- 
mittee, and was found to contain instructions to the 
governors of Virginia and the Carolinas, to make an im- 
mediate and effectual use of military force. This cir- 
cumstance seems to have determined the conduct of the 
colonists of South Carolina. During the long struggle 
which followed, this state suffered much, both from the 
British and Indians, and the disaffected within. The 
war in South Carolina and its vicinity was remarkable 
both for general actions of gr„at importance to the pub- 
lic cause, and for the display which it afforded of indi- 
vidual bravery and patriotism. 




Arms of New Jersey. 

CHAPTER X. 

Settlement of Neio Jersey. 

The period at which the first European settlements 
were made in the territory now composing the state of 
New Jersey, is not clearly ascertained. Detached 
bodies of the Dutch from New York planted themselves 
in the eastern part, while, in the western portion of the 
state, bordering on the Delaware, small bodies of 
Swedes were settled. The Dutch claimed the whole 
country, from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and 
protested against the occupation of any part of it by the 
Swedes. VVithout regard to the validity of their title, 
Charles II., in 1664, granted to his brother, the duke of 
York, a patent for the precise country claimed by the 
Dutch, inclutling the territory between the Hudson and 
the Delaware. In the same year, the duke of York 
sold this district, which then, for the first time, received 
the name of New Jersey, to Lord Berkely and Sir 
George Carteret. To encourage emigration, the new 
proprietors oftered liberal privileges to settlers ; and it 
7 (73) 



74 NEW JERSEY. 

ought to be recorded to their honour, that they estab- 
lished it as a fundamental rule, that all vacant land 
should be purchased from the natives. Eighty acres 
were offered to each settler, under a quit rent of one 
penny per acre, to commence at a future period. The 
important privilege of self-government was accorded to 
the inhabitants; the proprietors declaring that all laws 
should be made by the representatives of the people, but 
reserving to themselves the executive power. 

Thus wisely constituted, the settlement of Jersey 
Eoon advanced with rapidity. Philip Carteret was the 
first governor, and under his administration the system 
of the proprietors was strictly pursued with respect to 
ihe Indians, The consequences were highly favourable 
to the prosperity of the colony. Hostilities with this 
people, from which many of the other provinces suffered 
60 severely, were scarcely known. New Jersey con- 
tinued to thrive under the prudent management of the 
proprietors until 1673, when the Dutch, having recon- 
quered New York, extended their povv'er again over this 
province. Their government, hov;ever, w-as brief; for 
on the conclusion of peace between England and Hol- 
land, two years afterwards, the whole country was 
restored to the former power. The duke of York now 
obtained from Charles IL a confirmation of his for- 
mer patent; and considering his former grant of New 
Jersey annulled, he claimed jurisdiction over all the 
country comprised in the patent ; appointed Sir Edmund 
Andres governor of his territories, from the Connecticut 
to the Delaware, and, uniting with him a council, gave 
them the whole powers of government, legislative and 
executive. This fit agent of tyrannical measures ar- 
rived in America in November, 1674, and proceeded to 
the exercise of his functions* In the same year. Lord 
Berkely assigned his undivided half of New Jersey to 
the celebrated William Penn and three others. Per- 
ceiving the disadvantages of joint ownership, they came 
to an agreement with Carteret, by which the province 
was divided into two parts. Carteret received East Jer- 
sey, and gave in return to William Penn and his asso- 



NEW JERSEY. 



75 



ciates, a release of the western part of the province. 
The duke of York had given up his claim as far as re- 
spected East Jersey to Carteret, but retained West Jer- 
sey as a part of his g-overnmeiit, and an appendage of 
New York. Hence arose constant conliicts of jurisdic- 
tion, and an uncertainty respecting titles, which harassed 
the inhabitants, and finally ended in the destruction ol 
the proprietary government. On the one hand, Cartere 
endeavoured to participate in commercial advantages, b 
establishing a port at Amboy ; but Andros, who feare 
that the commerce of New York might be injured, 
seized and condemned all vessels trading thither, an^ 
was supported by the duke of York. The governor 
and council of New York claimed also the right of im- 
posing taxes on Nev*' Jersey, and extended their juris- 
diction on all occasions. The proprietors of West Jer- 
sey had, in the meantime, been earnest in their remon- 
strances and petitions to the duke of York; and the 
question was at length referred to Sir William Jones, 
an eminent lawyer, who decided in favour of the propri- 
etary rights, and against the legality of taxes. Thus 
having high legal opinion against him, the duke could no 
longer avoid doing justice ; and accordingly, in 1680, he 
conveyed West Jersey to the proprietors. About this 
time the province received a considerable accession of 
inhabitants by the arrival of a number of Quakers, who 
principally settled in the neighbourhood of the present 
towns of Burlington and Salem, which they built. 

In 1682, Carteret, who had involved himself in an un- 
pleasant dispute with the assembly, transferred his in- 
terest in tlie province to William Penn, and eleven other 
persons of the sect of Quakers. These immediately 
conveyed one-half of the province to a company of Scots- 
men, at the head of whom was the earl of Perth. In 
1683, the Scotch proprietors obtained a patent of con- 
firmation from the duke of York. After this event many 
emigrants arrived from Scotland. The first governor 
of East Jersey, under the proprietors, was Robert Bar- 
clay, the celebrated author of the Apology for the Qua- 
ker belief, who was appointed to the office for life. 



76 



NEW JERSEY. 



Notwithstanding- the grant of the duke of York, and the 
decision of Sir William Jones, the government of New 
York still claimed a jurisdiction over East Jersey, and 
attempted to levy the same taxes upon it as in its own 
province. Complaint was made in England, but no re- 
dress was obtained. After the accession of the duke of 
York to the English throne, a writ of quo warranto 
was issued against the proprietors, who, finding there 
was no other resource, endeavoured to save what they 
could by voluntary submission, and made a formal 
surrender of their patent, praying only for a grant 
of the soil. It was intended by James 11. that the 
whole province, together with that of New York, should 
be united with New England in an arbitrary govern- 
ment; and arrangements were making to carry the 
design into execution when the revolution of 1688 for- 
tunately put an end to his power. For several years 
after this period, the province suffered greatly from the 
want of an efficient government ; each division having 
different proprietors, whose views w^ere opposite. Con- 
fusion arose in titles and jurisdiction, and discord pre- 
vailed between the governors and the assemblies. In 
this state of things the proprietors of both parts sur- 
rendered, in 1702, their rights of government to Queen 
Anne. 

New Jersey was now again united into one province, 
and a more regular and harmonious system of adminis- 
tration prevailed. Lord Cornbury, cousin to the queen, 
was the first royal governor. He was also governor of 
New York, and abused his functions in both provinces. 
On the complaint of the New York assembly, the queen 
removed him from office. From this period to the epoch 
of the American Revolution, New Jersey was not the 
scene of any memorable event. Its population and pros- 
perity rapidly augmented under an orderly and prudent 
administration of affairs. From its connexion with 
England, however, the province became involved in the 
wars of that country ; and, though remote from the scene 
of action, we find her contributing, on several occasions, 
to the expeditions undertaken for the conquest of the 



NEW JERSEY. 77 

French possessions. In 1709, the Assembly passed laws 
for remittmg 3000Z., in bills of credit, for the aid of the 
government, and for the encouragement of volunteers to 
join the forces destined for Canada. This was the first 
paper money emitted in New Jersey, and its credit was 
so well supported by the government, that no deprecia- 
tion took place. In 1738, on the petition of the colony 
for a separate governor, Lewis Morris was appointed to 
the oliice by the crown. Previously to this, the affairs 
of tlie province had been administered by the governor 
of New York. The last royal governor of New .Tersey 
was William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated 
Benjamin Franklin. 

The attempts of the British government to impose an 
arbitrary autliority over her colonies, met with as warm 
opposition in New Jersey, as in any other province. 
Deputies were sent to the Congress, which convened at 
Philadelphia, on the occasion of the stamp act, and to all 
the subsequent assemblies. During the contest which 
ensued, New Jersey was the seat of liostilities for a great 
length of time. Her losses in men and property are said 
to have been greater in proportion than any other state. 
Trenton, her capital, is rendered memorable by the sur- 
prise of the Hessian troops stationed there, and their 
surrender to General Washington, an event of signal 
importance to the common cause of the republic. At 
Princeton the enemy received another check, which, 
united with their defeat at Trenton, obliged them to retire 
into winter quarters; and Monmouth, together with 
many other places in this state, have become classic 
ground from similar causes. The cruelties perpetrated 
by the British army, during its different campaigns and 
incursions, were of the most savage character, and justly 
excited a warm feeling of indignation in the inhabitants, 
which prompted them to repair to the standard of Wash- 
ington. 

7* 




William Penn. 



CHAPTER XL 

Settlement of Pennsylvania. 

William Penn, the illustrious founder of Pennsyl- 
vania, was the son of Sir William Penn, a British ad- 
miral, who, in the year 1655, rendered very important 
services to the nation by the conquest of Jamaica from 
the Spaniards, and by a naval victory over the Dutch. 
At an early period of his life, the son, to the g-reat mor- 
tification of the admiral, joined the sect of Quakers or 
Friends, to whom persecution had about that period 

(78) 



PENNSYLVAWIA. 79 

begun to attract the public attention. For this he under- 
went a portion of their sufferings, having been repeatedly- 
imprisoned for preaching to the people. The intolerance 
manifested by the magistrates, and the majority of the 
people (for the king appears to have been disposed to 
lenity), induced William Penn to turn his attention to 
America. He and some others purchased a large 
quantity of land in New Jersey ; but, being dissatisfied 
with his partners in the concern, he formed the design 
of acquirmg a separate estate. The crown was indebted 
to his father's executors in the sum of about 16,000/., and, 
as an acquittance for this, a large tract was oranted to him 
in severalty. His charter conveyed to him, under the 
name of Pennsylvania, all that tract of country bounded 
on the east by the river Delaware ; extending vi^estward 
five degrees of longitude ; stretching to the north, from 
twelve miles northward of Newcastle, to the forty-third* 
degree of latitude, and limited on the south by a circle 
of twelve miles drawn round Newcastle to the beginning 
of the fortieth degree of latitude. From the want of 
sufficient attention to former charters, this grant inter- 
fered, both with that of Maryland on the south, and with 
the claims of Connecticut on the east ; and hence arose 
contentions with regard to boundaries, which were not 
settled for a century afterwards. 

In May, 1681, the proprietary sent over Markham 
with a few others to take possession of the territory, and 
prepare for the settlement. In July, he sold twenty 
thousand acres to a company formed of merchants, and 
other persons, at the rate of twenty pounds for every ^ 
thousand acres; and entered into articles pif agreement 
with them, entitled " Conditions and Concessions." In 
the following year, Penn published his frame of govern- 
ment, by which the supreme power was to be vested in 
the governor and a general assembly, consisting, at 
first, of the whole body of the people, and afterwards 
of a house of delegates. A provincial council was 

*The forty-third degree of latitude mentioned in the charter, 
means the commencement of the forty-third degree, or the forty- 
second parallel, which is now the northern boundary. 



80 PENNSYLVANIA. 

established, consisting' of seventy-two persons, to be 
chosen by the freemen. The g-overnor, possessed of 
three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and 
digested all laws, leaving to the people the mere right 
of confirming or rejecting. This frame of government 
was, after a short time, laid aside, and another, re- 
sembling those established in the other provinces, was 
adopted. 

In October, 1682, Penn, accompanied by about two 
thousand settlers, mostly Friends, arrived at Newcastle, 
on the Delaware. He had previously obtained from the 
duke of York a conveyance of the land at present in- 
cluded in the state of Delaware. His first step was to 
convoke an assembly, which was held at Upland (now 
called Chester), in December, 1682. In a short session 
of three days, a period in which their descendants would 
hardly have agreed upon the choice of a speaker, they 
adopted a constitution, modifying that drawn up by 
Penn, in England ; and passed several very important 
laws. Among other provisions, that great and admira- 
ble principle, to an adherence to which the province 
owed much of its prosperity, was adopted : " That none, 
acknowledging one God, and living peaceably in so- 
ciety, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or 
compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry what- 
ever," Another principle of Penn's system, equally 
novel and praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the 
Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to 
a council, and, treating with them on an amicable and 
equal footing, as men and brethren, obtained from them, 
*in return for valuable presents, a cession of as much land 
as his exigencies required. The same course was pur- 
sued in his subsequent intercourse with tliem ; the 
treaties were kept inviolate by both parties; and it was 
seen with surprise by mankind, that kindness and good 
faith were as useful assistants as the sword in the affairs 
of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid 
advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The salubrity 
of the climate, and the general fruitfulness of the soil, 



PENNSYLVANIA. 81 

had some influence, but the moral attractions predomi- 
nated. The persecutions of the Quakers and other 
sects, in England, drove thousands to a place where 
worship was as free as air ; and the prospect of enjoy- 
ing- equal rights in civil matters, drew over from the 
continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and 
moral emigrants. 

The city of Philadelphia was laid out at an early pe- 
riod after the arrival of the first settlers, according to a 
design which had been prepared by William Penn, in 
England. The second assembly of Pennsylvania was 
held at this place, in April, 1683. Among other impor- 
tant laws adopted, was one which abrogated the com- 
mon law of England respecting descents, and distributed 
the estates of persons dying intestate among the children, 
giving the eldest son, however, a double share. The revo- 
lution in England, which took place in 1688, produced 
some change in the government of Pennsylvania. Wil- 
liam Penn was suspected of entertaining unfavourable 
sentiments towards the house of Orange. He was, 
therefore, suspended from the privilege of appointing a 
deputy for his province; and, in 1692, Pennsylvania, 
without any regard to its charter, was annexed to New 
York, and subjected to the administration of Fletcher, 
governor of that province. Penn, however, two years 
after, reinstated himself in the good opinion of the court. 
He regained his province, and appointed Markham lieu- 
tenant-governor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposi- 
tion of both the governor and the people, and the general 
concordance of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to 
be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings 
about the constitution, or the laws, or the manner of dis- 
posing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The 
charter had twice been altered, but the colonists were 
still discontented. At length, in 1701, Penn gave them 
a third charter. It provided that the assembly should 
consist of deputies from each county, and should have 
the right to originate, amend, or reject, all bills; that 
the governor should nominate his own council, exercise 



82 PENNSYLVANIA. 

the whole executive power, and have a negative on the 
proceeding's of the assembly. The delegates from Penn- 
sylvania assented to this instrument ; but those from the 
the " three lower counties on the Delaware," as the}' 
were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the 
assembly. No adjustment could be made ; and from 
this period, the three counties had a distinct assembly, 
though they were subject to the same governor as Penn- 
sylvania, The constitution thus adopted in Pennsylva- 
nia, continued in force until the Revolution. 

In 1718, William Penn died, at the age of seventy- 
four. From the period of his undertaking the settlement 
of Pennsylvania, his life had been a uniform scene of 
vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had been 
materially injured by his advances to promote the infant 
colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to a 
temporary deprivation of liberty. He left, however, to 
his descendants an inheritance of great value ; which 
they enjoyed until the Revolution, when the common- 
wealth became the possessor; and, as an indemnifica- 
tion, granted them an ample sum of money. From the 
death of Penn to the Revolution, the history of Pennsyl- 
vania is little more than a narrative of petty quarrels be- 
tween the proprietaries, governors, and the assembly. 
The chief subject of the dispute arose from the lands of 
the proprietaries, which they wished to exempt from the 
taxation to which other lands were liable. The assem- 
bly resisted the exemption stoutly, and this disagree- 
ment frequently prevented the passage of necessary 
laws. In 1749, an important treaty was concluded with 
the Indians of the Six Nations, at Philadelphia, in 
which, for goods of considerable value, they granted 
to the proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, 
south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north 
to the Endless Mountains, or Kittatinny Hills, now 
called the Blue Mountains ; and, since that time, the 
Indian title to the residue of the state has been extin- 
guished. 

Notwithstanding that a large portion of her popula- 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



83 



tion consisted of Quakers, whose tenets inclined them 
to submission to existing governments, Pennsylvania 
opposed the arbitrary measures of the British go«;ern- 
ment, which led to the Revolution, with as much zeal 
and ardour as her sister states. The first congress of 
deputies from the states, and most of the subsequent 
meetings of the same assembly, were held at Philadel- 
phia ; and it was at the same place that the Declaration 
of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. 




The Treaty Monument. 




CHAPTER XII. 

Settlement of Georgia. 

Of the thirteen provinces which declared themselves 
independent states in 1776, Georgia was the last set- 
tled. The country lying within its present boundaries, 
was, previous to the year 1733, a wilderness; and, 
though comprehended within the charter of Carolina, 
had been claimed by Spain as well as England. The 

(84) 



GEORGIA. 8f 

sufferings of the English poor from the existing state of 
trade and industry, led to the first attempt at settlement 
in Georgia. A company was formed for the purpose of 
assisting such as might he disposed to emigrate in search 
of the means of subsistence. To this company, George 
II., by patent dated in 1732, granted the territory, 
which, in compliment to him, was called Georgia, and a 
corporation of twenty-one persons was created, under 
the title of " the Trustees for settling the colony of 
Georgia." In November of that year, a large sum of 
money having been subscribed, one hundred and sixty 
persons embarked at Gravesend, under the direction 
of General James Oglethorpe, and arrived at Charles- 
ton, in January, 1733. From this place Oglethorpe 
proceeded to explore the country destined for their 
place of settlement. A treaty was held with the Creek 
Indians, and a large tract of land obtained by cession. 
On a high bluff, overlooking a river, the foundation of a 
town was laid, which received the name of Savannah, 
after the Indian name of the river. Here the settle- 
ment was commenced in the spring of 1733 ; but the 
injudicious system of the trustees, and, perhaps, the cha- 
racter of the settlers themselves, impeded a rapid ad- 
vance. Taking-as their model, the feudal tenures, the 
trustees granted their lands in tail-male ; which, on the 
termination of the male descendants of the grantee, 
were to avert to the donors, to be again granted to such 
persons as would be most likely to render personal ser- 
vices. The condition upon which the lands were par- 
celled out was military duty. Each possessor was to 
appear in arms, and take the field when called upon for 
the public defence. Any part of the land which was not 
enclosed, cleared, and cultivated, within eighteen years, 
was to revert to the trustees. By another regulation, 
more reconcilable with good policy, the importation of 
negroes, and the use of rum, were absolutely prohibited. 
These restrictions drove many settlers into Carolina, 
where lands were held in fee simple. The number of 
inhabitants in the colony continued nevertheless to in- 
crease. In 1734, about six hundred emigrants arrived ; 



GEORGIA. 

but, being" principally idle and dissolute characters, the 
"cankers of a calm world," they were little fitted for the 
toil of clearing a wilderness of wood. For the purpose 
of obtaining- settlers more suitable to the business of 
colonizing", the trustees divided the country on the 
Savannah and other rivers, into lots of fifty acres, and 
offered a lot to each person who would make a settle- 
ment. In consequence of these regulations, a large num- 
ber of hardy emigrants arrived soon afterwards from 
Scotland and Germany. In addition to a previous grant, 
the parliament now gave 25,000?. tor the benefit of the 
colony. In this state of things war took place between 
Spain and England, an event calculated to retard the 
prosperity of Georgia, from her liability to invasion on 
the side of Florida and Havanna. Oglethorpe was ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief of the king's forces in South 
Carolina and Georgia, and immediately applied himself 
assiduously to the task of defence. He brought with 
him six hundred soldiers into Georgia; and having 
erected forts for the defence of the province, and secured 
the friendship of the Creeks, whom the Spaniards had 
endeavoured to excite to hostilities, he found himself 
strong enough to attempt an attack upon a Spanish 
settlement. South Carolina granted a large sum of 
money for the purpose, and troops were raised in the 
Carolinas and Virginia. With these troops, four hun- 
dred regulars and some Indians, Oglethorpe invaded 
Florida. St. Augustine was the object of his enterprise, 
which proved unsuccessful, and was abandoned, greatly 
to his mortification. In 1742, this invasion was re- 
taliated by a large Spanish force. An expedition of 
thirty-two sail, with three thousand men. arrived in the 
river Alatamaha, and took possession of Fort St. Simon, 
which had been previously abandoned by Oglethorpe. 
The Spanish commander next attempted to proceed 
through the woods to the attack of Fort Frederica, on the 
Island of St. Simon ; but finding unlooked-for obstacles 
in his way, and being deceived by a stratagem of Ogle- 
thorpe, he re-embarked his troops in haste, leaving 
behind him many pieces of artillery, provisions, and 



GEORGIA. 87 

military stores, and returned to Florida. Georgia was 
preserved on this occasion principally by the address 
and skill of General Oglethorpe. 

The restoration of peace which took place soon after- 
wards, freed Georgia from one source of disquiet; but 
the condition of the colony was materially different from 
that of the others settled by the English in North Ame- 
rica. Notwithstanding upwards of lC(),00'i'/. sterling 
had been granted by parliament and individuals, and 
that emigration had been encouraged by premiums, the 
state of things at the middle of the eighteenth century 
was very unpromising. Many of the emigrants had 
abandoned their settlements; and those who remained, 
with difficulty obtained a scanty subsistence. The reg- 
ulations respecting the tenure of land above mentioned, 
and the prohibition of the importation of negroes and 
rum, operated to produce this effect. By prohibiting the 
importation of rum, the trustees had deprived the colo- 
nists of an excellent market in the West Indies for the 
sale of their lumber. So trifling was the produce of 
this now productive soil, that, about the year 1750, the 
whole annual exports of Georgia did not exceed 1.0,000/. 
sterling. In the year 1820, her exports exceeded 
$6,500,(!00. The complaints arising from their mis- 
management, at last induced the trustees to surrender 
the charter to the crown. In 1752, the government was 
taken into the hands of the king, and the same privi- 
leges and regulations, as to land and trade, that pre- 
vailed in the other colonies, were extended to Georgia. 
The first good effect of the change of government was 
felt in the establishment of a General Assembly of repre- 
sentatives in 1755. In 1763, all the lands lying between 
the rivers Alatamaha and St. Mary's, were annexed to 
Georgia by a royal proclamation. From this period the 
colony began to make rapid progress in prosperity and 
population ; the rich swamps and lowlands on the 
rivers began to be brought into cultivation, and the 
effects of judicious government were soon visible in the 
increased amount of exports. In 1763, the value of 
exports was no more than 27,000/. sterling ; but in 1773. 



S8 GEORGIA. 

the value had arisen to upwards of 121,000Z. Much of 
this increase of prosperity is attributed to the influence 
of Governor Wright, who first set the example of cul- 
tivatint^ the lowlands and river swamps, thereby acquir- 
ing- for himself an ample fortune, and directing the 
industry of the people into a proper channel. 

Georgia, at the commencement of the American Re- 
volution, was only in the infancy of her strength, and 
had just begun to enjoy sotne of tlie blessings of peace 
and the advantages of a better system of government. 
Her inhabitants had never experienced the evils which 
the tyrannical administration of the Stuarts had inflicted 
on the older provinces, and knew the operations of the 
royal government only by its favourable contrast with 
that of the trustees. Notwithstanding these motives 
for continuing in connexion with England, the people 
of this province did not hesitate to take part with their 
northern brethren. In March, 1775, they appointed a 
delegate to Congress ; and in July of the same year, a 
convention of delegates assembled, by whom the sanction 
of the province was given to the measures of Congress. 
During the war which ensued, Georgia was overrun by 
the British troops, and the principal inhabitants were 
compelled to abandon their possessions and fly into the 
neighbouring states. In proportion to their numbers, 
the exertions and losses of her citizens were as great as 
in any of the states. 










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tBASTiAhrCABOT/Hlltpill 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Summary of Events before the Revolution. 

We have seen that, from the year 1497, when tho 
continent of North America was first discovered by 
Sebastian Cabot, more than a century elapsed before 
any permanent settlement was effected on its shores. 
The greater part of the territory of the United States, 
east of Florida, was orig-inally called Virginia, in iiononr 
of Elizabeth of England, the virgin queen, as poets and 
courtiers styled her; who, following the practice of 
other European monarch?, granted large tracts of coun- 
try, without respect to the rights of the aboriginal pos- 
sessors. The earliest settlement, in pursuance of these 
grants, we have seen, was made within tlie limits of the 
present state of Virginia, in 1607, under the authority 
of James I. Seven years afterwards, a colony of Dutch 
commenced a settlement upon the present Island of New 
Vork, and retained possession until 1664, when it was 
8* (89J 



90 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 

surrendered to an armament fitted out by Charles II. 
Massachusetts was settled in 1620, by a body of Puritans 
from Eng-land. The next settlement, in order of time, 
was that of Delaware by the Swedes. Connecticut &nd 
Maryland were colonized contemporaneously ; the for- 
mer by emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1663 ; the 
latter by a party of Roman Catholics from England, 
under Lord 13altimore. Religious persecutions drove a 
number of persons from Massachusetts, and led to the 
founding of Rhode Island, in 1635; New Hampshire 
was settled in 1637, principally from the same cause. 
In 1663, some of the Virginia settlers laid the foundation 
of North Carolina, which was followed by the settlement 
of South Carolina in 1670. New Jersey, on which the 
Dutch and Swedes had made partial settlements early 
in the seventeenth century, was not effectually colonized 
till after the year 1670. In Pennsylvania also, a small 
body of Swedes had planted themselves at an early 
period. The settlement increased slowly, until tlie ar- 
rival, in 1681, of William Penn, with a numerous com- 
pany of Quakers, whom the prospect of relief from 
persecution induced to emigrate. The last settled of 
the original thirteen states was Georgia, founded in 
1732, by General Oglethorpe. 

The history of all new colonies, is necessarily one of 
Hardships and suffering. In the case of most of the 
American settlements, however, the ordinary evils were 
augmented by the vindictive hostility of the natives, 
who saw with indignation the tide of Christian domin- 
ion gradually overflowing their land, and who used 
every means that nature had supplied them with, to stay 
the progress of the wave. Their most sagacious chiefs, 
from Philip of Pokanoket, to Tecumseh, have endea- 
voured to unite the different tribes in a common purpose 
of opposition, but without success. The superior arts 
of the Europeans generally triumphed in the engage- 
ments of bodies of men ; but it was in the surprisal and 
assault upon individuals or families, that Indian hos- 
tility w^as most effective. The settlements of Massa- 
chusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Virginia, espe- 



SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 91 

cially, were, for a great number of years, the theatres 
of sanguinary conflicts. In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, 
and Maryland, a system of policy more humane and 
prudent conciliated the savages, and advanced the pros- 
perity of the settlements. Another fruitful source of 
disquiet to the colonies, was the adjoining- settlements 
in Canada, The British and French province^% which 
would otherwise, it is probable, have remained in peace 
with each other, were compelled to take part in the un- 
ceasing wars of the mother countries, and wasted their 
young strength in supporting projects of European 
aggrandizement, in which they themselves, were but 
remotely interested. This grievance fell with the 
greatest weight upon the colonies of New York and 
New England. The influence which the governors of 
Canada have always possessed over the Indians, enabled 
the Frencli to direct the full force of savage hostility 
against the English colonists (as the British, since their 
possession of Canada, have done against the United 
States). The frontiers were, during every war, a scene 
of desolation and bloodshed. The colonists saw, that 
nothing short of the expulsion of the French from 
Canada would be sufficient to secure their repose. 
They devised frequent plans for the conquest of that 
province, and urgently called on the British govern- 
ment for assistance. The aid they received was feebly 
and reluctantly given. In 1690, commissioners from 
the eastern and middle colonies met at New York, to 
concert measures for an expedition against the French 
colonies. The enterprise failed, 'Jirough the tardiness 
of the British admiral. Similar attempts were made in 
1692, and 1696; but from similar causes, they also were 
unsuccessful. 

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the colo- 
nies enjoyed a short period of repose. The renewal of 
the war in Europe, however, brought upon them again all 
the horrorsj of Indian and French hostility. New York 
and New England had previously been the chief theatre 
of Indian incursions; but the extension of their settle- 
ments on *he Ohio, gave the French an opportunity of 



92 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 

leaaing the savages against the frontier inhabitants of 
Pennsylvania and Virginia. The colonies of South 
Carolina and Georgia were equally harassed, during the 
first half of the eighteenth century, by the Spaniards 
and southern Indians. In the year 1745, a resolute 
and successful attack was made upon the strong fort of 
Louisbourg, in the island of Cape Breton, by a small 
body of NewEnglanders, headed by William Pepperell, 
a merchant of Boston. 

After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, the colonies were, 
for a short period, unmolested, until the conflicting pre- 
tensions of the two nations to lands on the Ohio, prcJ'- 
duced another contest. To enable themselves the more 
effectually to resist their enemies, some of the colonies 
proposed, about this time, the formation of a federal 
government, to be administered by a grand council, 
chosen by the provincial assemblies. The British 
ministry, however, refused to accede to the project, 
without such modifications as would have given them 
the absolute control over the general congress; and 
the colonies being equally averse to this alteration, the 
plan was abandoned. 

The year 1755 was rendered memorable by the defeat 
of the British general, Braddock, whose army was saved 
from entire ruin, by the skill of Washington, then a 
colonel of provincial militia, and by the courage of the 
colonial troops. In 1758, Fort Du Quesne, now Pitts- 
burg, was taken by the British and provincial troops. 
Louisbourg, which had been restored to France, was 
also taken ; and the tide of success set so strongly in 
favour of the British, that in the succeeding years Que- 
bec and the whole of Canada were conquered. The 
American colonies, now relieved in a great measure 
from a state of harassing warfare, began to acquire, with 
great rapidity, wealih and population. Their improved 
condition attracted the notice of the mother country; 
who, forgetting that the colonics had struggled almost 
unaided through their difficulties, many of which diffi- 
culties had arisen from her absurd and oppressive regu- 
lations, assumed the credit of their thriving appearance, 



SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 



93 




Stamp Act Riot. 



and resolved to provide some remuneration for her fan- 
cied exertions in their behalf. The inhabitants of 
Great Britain laboured at this time under a load of taxa- 
tion, part of which burden they determined to transfer 
to the Americans. The first step taken in pursuance 
of this resolution, was to impose a stamp duty on instru- 
ments of writing- executed in the provinces. An act 
was accordingly passed to this effect by the British 
parliament, in 1765. It was resisted from the first mo- 
ment by the colonies, and serious riots immediately 
ensued. Delerrates from the several provinces assem- 
bled at Philadelphia, who, with great unanimity, agreed 
upon a declaration of rights, and a statement of their 



94 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 

grievances. The people at large entered into associa- 
tions against the importations of British manufactures, 
which, notwithstanding their previous dependence foi 
clothing upon England, were adhered to almost univer- 
sally. This determined resolution compelled the British 
ministry to repeal the obnoxious act. The concession 
was received with gratitude, and for a short period 
tranquillity and prosperity prevailed. The intention of 
subjecting the colonies to the payment of taxes was not, 
however, abandoned. 

In 1767, an act was passed, laying duties on certain 
articles imported into the colonies. The latter, equally 
determined in their resolution not to submit to what 
they rightly deemed an oppressive and unlawful mea- 
sure, refused to recognize the right. The British go- 
vernment at length repealed all the duties, except those 
upon tea. To counteract the design of collecting this 
duty, the inhabitants of the provinces entered into an 
agreement, not to import or consume the article. For 
some time, matters remained in suspense, without any 
direct opposition to the laws. At length a large quantity 
of tea being sent to Boston, it was seized by the people 
and thrown into the sea. When intelligence of this 
proceeding reached England, measures of the most vin- 
dictive character were resolved upon. An act was 
passed for closing the port of Boston, and other acts 
directed against the charter of Massachusetts, evincing 
a resolution on the part of Great Britain, which, if 
submitted to, would have proved fatal to the liberties of 
America. The flaftie of indignation broke forth in all 
parts of the continent. Even those provinces the most 
remote from Massachusetts, and which had experienced, 
practically, none of the evils of which that province 
complained, were zealous and ardent in the common 
cause. 

Massachusetts assembled a provincial congress, voted 
to raise men and money, and recommended a general 
assembly of the provinces to be held at Philadelphia. 
According to this recommendation, a congress of dele- 
gates convened in September, 1774, and after approving 



SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 95 

of the proceedings in Massachusetts, and pledging- them- 
selves not to import from, nor export to Great Britain, 
concluded their session by addressinor an earnest and 
firm but respectful remonstrance to the British govern- 
ment. The latter, still resolved to force her colonies to 
submission, sent over a large additional military force, 
and passed laws restraining the trade of all the colonies, 
except North Carolina, Delaware, and New York. By 
this exception, they hoped to produce disunion among 
the provinces; but the expectation was vain. These 
colonies spurned an advantage offered to them at the 
expense of their sisters. In tlie meantime, warlike 
preparations A-ere making in Massachusetts, as well as 
on the British side, and it was soon perceived that a 
contest was unavoidable. 





Battle of Lexington. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

The Revolution. 

Lexington, in Massachusetts, was the scene of the 
first conflict between the Americans ond English. 
Some military stores having- been deposited at Concord, 
about eighteen miles from Boston, General Gage, the 
British commander, sent a body of eight hundred regu- 
lars, on the 18th of April, 1775, to obtain possession of 
them. Intelligence of their intentions had previously 

(96) 



RETREAT FROM CONCORD. 



97 



reached the country, and the alarm was given by the 
ringing- of bells and the firing of guns. At Lexington, 
the British fell in with a small party of seventy militia- 
men, upon whom they fired, and killed eight, wounding 
many more. The fire was returned by the militia, who 
then retreated. At Concord, the British found another 
party of militia, upon whom they again fired. Having 
succeeded in destroying the stores, they commenced their 




Retreat from Concord. 



retreat, in the progress of which they were reinforced by 
Lord Percy with nine hundred men. During this re- 
treat the Americans kept up a constant fire; and, though 
the British party eifected their return to Boston, it was 
9 



98 BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 

with a loss of two hundred and seventy-three, in killed, 
wounded and prisoners. A strong reinforcement arrived 
soon afterwards from England, and was principally 
stationed in the town of Boston, while the New England 
troops occupied different posts in the vicinity. An im- 
portant eminence called Bunker Hill, near Boston, was 
taken possession of, and partial entrenchments were 
thrown up by the provincials on the night of the 16th of 
June. The number of militia and others, by whom the 
post was occupied, was about fifteen hundred. At noon 
of the next day a body of 3,000 British regulars ad- 
vanced to dislodge tliem. The provincials reserved 
their fire until the British had approached to within one 
hundred yards of the works, when they discharged it 
with such destructive effect, that the whole column re- 
treated in the utmost confusion. Twice did these un- 
disciplined patriots put to flight a body of veteran troops 
double their own number. At the third onset, the pow- 
der of the Americans began to fail ; their position was 
raked by the ships and the British field-pieces; their 
redoubt was assailed on three sides at once, and, having 
in vain endeavoured to oppose the bayonets of the British 
with the butts of discharged guns, they were compelled 
to abandon their post. Their retreat was effected in 
good order over Charlestown neck. In this glorious 
action the Americans killed or wounded upwards of one 
thousand of the enemy. Their own loss did not exceed 
four hundred ; but among the killed was General War- 
ren, whose death was greatly and universally lamented. 
The Continental Congress, which convened again at 
Philadelphia, on the lOtli of May, now determined to 
raise forces in the name of the United Colonies. On 
the 15th of June, they unanimously elected George 
Washington, then a member from Virginia, commander- 
in-chief of the troops. On the 2d of July, he arrived at 
Cambridge, and took command of the forces stationed 
there. With these undisciplined troops, ill supplied 
with munitions of war, Washington undertook the siege, 
or rather the blockade of Boston. Towards the close 
of this year, a gallant but rash attempt was made upon 



SIEGE OF BOSTON. 




Siege of Boston. 



Canada, by a body of provincials, under Generals Mont- 
gomery and Arnold. The former invaded Canada by 
the lakes, while the latter ascended the Kennebeck, 
and after a march through the wilderness, during which 
the men underwent excessive toils and privations, they 
succeeded in reaching Quebec. Here they found them- 
selves without the means of carrying on a regular siege, 
and, after a month's delay, they attempted to carry the 
place by escalade. Two attacks w-ere made at once, 
by Montgomery and Arnold. The former was killed, 
while gallantly leading his men. The latter was 
wounded. Many of the Americans were killed or cap- 
tured, after a great display of valor, and the remainder 
were driven from the walls. The attempt was then 
abandoned, and the survivors with difficulty reached the 
United States. The British remained in possession of 
Boston until March, 1776, when they embarked on 
board of the fleet, and sailed for Halifax. General 
Washington then moved his army southward, and 
established his head-quarters at New York. 



100 ATTACK ON FORT MOULTRIE. 

On the 28th of June, an attack was made upon 
Fort Moultrie, which was situated on Sullivan's Island, 
and protected the entrance to Charleston, in South 
Carolina. The British land forces were led by Sir 
Henry Clinton, and Admiral Sir Peter Parker com 
manded the naval force. The fort was defended by 
Colonel Moultrie. The battle commenced about eleven 
o'clock in the morning, and continued with but little 
intermission until seven in the evening, when the fire 
slackened, and soon ceased on both sides. The land 
forces had landed on Long Island, which was separated 
from Sullivan's Island only by a narrow channel, forda- 
ble at low tide; but the channel had been deepened 
recently by the prevalence of easterly winds, and Clin- 
ton found it impossible to bring his troops into action. 
During the engagement one of the ships grounded, and 
on the garrison firing a few shots at her on the next 
morning, her crew set her on fire and deserted her. 
She was then boarded by a party of Americans, who 
seized her colors, fired some of her guns at Admiral 
Parker, filled their boats with her stores, and then 
quitted her. She soon blew up. The fleet and troops 
soon after departed for New York. 

While these affairs w^ere in progress, Congress had 
vainly attempted to obtain a repeal of those edicts 
which the British government had directed against the 
freedom of America. They addressed themselves to the 
King, to the Parliament, and to the people. Finding 
their remonstrances fruitless, these illustrious republi- 
cans, than whom none of loftier spirit or more steadfast 
virtue ever upheld the liberties of a country, declared 
the colonies free and independent, and established a 
general government. This solemn act took place on 
the 4th of July, 1776, in the building now called Inde- 
pendence Hall, in Philadelphia. 

On the 23d of August, British troops to the number 
of twenty-four thousand, commanded by Sir William 
Howe, landed on Long Island, about nine miles from 
New York. The American forces at this time amounted 
in number to about twenty-seven thousand, but one- 



BRITISH LAND ON LONG ISLAM?. 



101 




Independence Hall. 



fourth were sick, and the remainder consisted princi- 
pally of raw and undisciplined troops. The main body 
lay on York Island, but a strong detachment, under 
Generals Sullivan and Putnam, was posted on Long 
Island, near the village of Brooklyn. Orders had been 
given that all the passes in the range of hills which 
separated the two armies should be strictly guarded. 
9* 



102 BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 

One, however, escaped the notice of the Americans, or 
was but slig'htly guarded ; and by this pass the British, 
under Howe and Clinton, made their way on the ni^hi 
of the 26th of August. By this means Sullivan's flank 
was gained, while his attention was occupied by a brisk 
cannonade kept up on his front by Generals Grant and 
De Heister. The consequences were extremely dis- 
astrous, for when the real attack was made early on the 
morning of the 27th, overcome by the superiority of 
numbers, and attacked on two sides at once, the Ameri- 
cans were compelled to take refuge in their intrenched 
camp, after suffering severely in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. 

As soon as the commencement of the engagement was 
announced, Washington had crossed over from Nev^: 
York to Brooklyn, seeing immediately the impossibility 
of making a successful stand against a force so much 
his superior in numbers and discipline ; he confined his 
exertions to the safe withdrawal of the troops from the 
island. Sir William Howe elated with his success, was 
only deterred from an immediate attack on the American 
position by the firm front presented by Washington, and 
his ignorance of the small number opposed to him. 

On the night of the 28th, that celebrated retreat was 
effected, which gained for the American leader so dis- 
tinguished a name among the warriors of the earth. 
With the triumphant array of the British army in front, 
and a powerful fleet prepared to intercept him in the 
rear, Washington withdrew across a broad river, his de- 
feated forces, and all his military stores and artillery, 
except a small quantity of provisions and some heavy 
guns. In the morning the rising sun displayed to the 
astonished Britons, the last American divisions crossing 
the waters, and already far beyond the reach of annoy- 
ance or pursuit. 

Deeming it inexpedient to risk a general battle, 
Washington also retired from New York Island, which 
was entered by the British on the 14th of September. 
The retreat of the Americans was continued through 
New Jersey and across the Delaware into Pennsylvania. 



BATTLE OF TRENTON. 103 

Fort Washington, the only post left on New York 
Island, was attacked on the 12th of November, and sur- 
rendered, after an obstinate resistance. The garrison, 
consisting of 2700 men, fell into the hands of the enemy. 
Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, opposite, was also taken, 
but the garrison effected their escape. In addition to 
these misfortunes, great numbers of the militia, whose 
term of service had expired, returned to their homes, 
and the remainder were dispirited by the success of the 
enemy, and destitute of every article of comfort. 

The British pursued with rapidity, but were unable to 
reach the Delaware before the retreating army had 
crossed. The pursuit was then given up, and the main 
body of the enemy cantoned in the vicinity of the river. 

During the autumn and partof the winter of 1776, the 
prospects of the United States wore a most gloomy 
aspect. The once formidable army of Washington, was 
reduced by desertion, disease, and the expiration of the 
term of service, to a handful of half-naked and dis- 
heartened men ; while the invaders were numerous, 
well organized, and flushed with success. 

The idea of submission was, however, spurned both 
by Congress and the army; and the enterprise of 
Washington soon gave a brighter aspect to affairs. De- 
tachments of Hessian troops had been stationed at 
Trenton, Bordentown, aiid Princeton. Upon one or 
more of these points he resolved to make an attack. 
Accordingly, on the evening of Christmas day, he, with 
the main body of the American army, twenty-four 
hundred strong, crossed the Delaware about nine miles 
above Trenton. The night was tempestuous, with rain 
and sleet, and the river encumbered with floating ice, 
so that the passage, although begun soon after midnight, 
was not fully effected until three o'clock, and one hour 
more elapsed before the march could be commenced. 
The x\mericans moved in two divisions along the roads 
leading to the town, and their operations were so well 
combined, and executed with such precision, that the 
two attacks on the British outposts were made within 
three minutes of each other. The pickets attempted 



104 



BATTLE OF TRENTON. 




Battle of Trenton. 



resistance, but were almost immediately driven in upon 
the main body, which was forming hurriedly in line. 
Colonel Rahl, their commander, soon after tell, mor- 
tally wounded ; the confusion of the soldiery became 
irremediable, and after a loss of about twenty killed, 
one thousand men laid down their arms and surrendered 
their 'munitions and artillery. On the American side, 
the loss in battle amounted to only two killed and four 
wounded, the latter including- James Monroe, afterwards 
President of the United States. 

Two other divisions of the American army, com- 
manded respectively by Generals Irvine and Cadwala- 
der, were instructed to cross at the same time with 
Washington's division ; but meeting with unexpected 
impediments in the floating ice, they were compelled to 
return without effecting their object. 

Washington recrossed the Delaware the same day 
with the spoils and trophies of his foes, and from that 



BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 105 

moment, — though reverses frequently dimmed the bril- 
liancy of the prospect — hope never again deserted the 
cause of American independence. » 

Washington again crossed the Delaware and marched 
to Trenton, where, on the 1st of January, 1777, he 
found himself at the head of five thousand men. Lord 
Cornwallis, however, advanced with a superior force. 
A little creek, called the Assumpinck, was all that divi- 
ded the two armies. On the 2d of January the British 
made several attempts to cross this creek, but were 
foiled until night separated the combatants, and both 
parties kindlecT their camp-fires. 

It was evident to Washington that the conflict to 
which he was exposed presented no hope of a favourable 
result, and that a retreat across the river before his 
present enemy, appeared likely to prove a still more 
diastrous alternative. Amid these critical difficulties 
the daring resolution was taken to decamp from his 
present position, gain the rear of thf enemy at Prince- 
ton, overthrow the division posted in that town, and then 
move upon New Brunswick, v.'here a weak force 
guarded the principal depots of the British army. 

Accordingly, at one on the morning of the 3d of Jan- 
uary, the camp-fires were renewed and the guard 
paraded as usual, but the army had silently begun its 
movement upon Princeton, which was known to be 
occupied by three British regiments under Colonel 
Mawhood. At a short distance from the town, they 
encountered two of these regiments, marching forward 
in order to co-operate in the expected battle, and a warm 
engagement immediately commenced. The American 
general was well aware that the existence of the republic 
hung suspended in the scale of victory, and he exerted 
himself as one who knew the importance of the object, and 
felt that success depended upon his efforts. Wherever 
the fire was hottest, or the press of battle most fearful, 
Washington was sure to be found guiding the thunders 
of war, and animating all by his language and example. 
At length the British line was broken and the two regi- 
ments separated. Colonel Mawhood, with the division 



106 BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE. 

in the van, pushed rapidly forward for the main army, 
while the other reg-iment, cut off from this point of 
support, fled in confusion across the fields to New 
Brunswiclf. 

The Americans now pressed the remaining- regi- 
ment, which, at first, attempted a defence in the college ; 
but this was soon abandoned, and those who were not 
captured, escaped only by a precipitate flight. The 
British loss amounted to one hundred killed and three 
hundred prisoners ; the conquerors had to lament the 
death of General Mercer, an experienced officer, much 
respected by the commander-in-chief 

The distant roar of the American artillery e.t Prince- 
ton, first announced to Cornwallis the escape of his active 
adversary. Alarmed for the safety of his magazines, he 
instantly broke up from the Assumpinck, and commenced 
a forced march upon New Brunswick ; moving" with 
such celerity, as nearly to overtake the American rear 
at Princeton. Washington, finding it impossible to take 
the stores by surprise, retired with his army to winter 
quarters at Morristown ; while the British concentrated 
their forces at Amboy and New Brunswick. 

During the spring of 1777, Washington's masterly 
mancEuvres prevented the enemy, though possessing a 
vastly superior force, from advancing to Philadelphia by 
land. General Howe, therefore, changed his plan of 
operations, and determined to attack the city from the 
south. He sailed for the Chesapeake, and landed at tiie 
head of Elk River. Washington, as soon as the arrival 
of the fleet in the Chesapeake was known, pushed for- 
ward with his army, and opposed the enemy at Chad's 
Ford, on the Brandywinc. 

On the 11th of September, Howe divided his troops 
into two divisions, and gave the command of one to 
Cornwallis, and of the other to Knypbausen. Knyp- 
hausen with his column, advanced to Chad's Ford, as if 
to force his passage across the srream. The other 
division, under Cornwallis, crossed the Brandywine at 
the forks, and advanced with the intention of turning the 
American right. General Sullivan, who commanded 



RETREAT TO PHILADELPHIA. 107 




Battle of Brandywine. 



that wing" of the army marched up the bank of tlie creek 
to meet the enemy. About half-past four, before he had 
sufficient time to form his line, he was attacked by 
Cornwallis. The attack was severe, and the line not 
being entirely formed, those on the riirht broke and fled, 
while the remainder were exposed on the flank as well 
as the front. General Greene now advanced with the 
reserve, and covering Sullivan's retreat, checked the 
pursuit. Knyphausen now made a real attack on Chad's 
Ford ; but General Wayne who was left by Washington 
to defend the pass, hearing of the ill-success of the first 
conflict, eftected an orderly retreat. That night Wash- 
ington retired with his whole force to Chester, and, the 
next morning continued his retreat to Philadelphia. 

In the battle of Brandywine, the continental army lost 
three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded, of whom 
between three and four hundred were taken prisoners. 
The British loss was stated by Howe at one hundred 
killed and four hundred wounded. In this battle General 
La Fayette first served in the American cause. In the 



108 BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. 

early part of the action he received a wound in the leg-, 
but he continued in the field cheering his men till the 
battle was decided. 

Washington, convinced by the result of this engage- 
ment that general battles were to be avoided in the im- 
disciplined state of his army, now left Philadelphia to its 
fate. On the 26th of September, Sir William Howe 
entered the city. His army was principally stationed at 
Germantown, about six miles from Philadelphia. 

Washington, whose lofly spirit was never discouraged 
by adverse fortune, determined to make an attack upon 
this post. The plan was well conceived, but accidental 
causes rendered it unsuccessful. A severe action took 
place, in which the loss of the Americans was double 
that of the British. "" 

On the 22d of October, the British made a combined 
attack, by land and water upon Forts Mifflin and Red 
Bank, which commanded the passage of the river below 
Philadelphia. The attack was made and sustained with 
great gallantry, until night separated the combatants, 
when the enemy retired with great loss. The next 
morning the action re-comihenced ; but at length the 
British withdrew, after setting fire to two of their ships 
which had grounded the previous evening. 

On the 10th of November, the attack was renewed on 
Fort Mifflin by the whole disposable force of the British ; 
but, the Americans within it, under the command of 
Colonel Samuel Smith, though their guns were nearly all 
dismounted, their block-houses and palisades beaten 
down, and themselves wearied out by the necessity for 
unremitting exertion, held the post until it was no longer 
tenable ; and on the 16th, after a protracted contest of 
six days, the garrison was withdrawn undercover of the 
night. 

An overwhelmning force was sent under Lord Corn- 
wallis to attack Fort Mercer on Red Bank. On the ap- 
proach of this great force the fort was evacuated by the 
garrison ; and the British army was put into full com- 
munication with their fleet, and secured in their posses- 
Bion of Philadelphia. 



SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE. 109 

During the progress of these operations, events had 
occurred in the northern part of the United States, emi- 
nently beneficial to the American cause. For the pur- 
pose of opening- a communication between New York 
and Canada, and cutting- oft' the intercourse between the 
eastern and southern states, a force of upwards of ten 
thousand men, under General Burgoyne, advanced by 
way of Lake Champlain, towards Albany, in June, 1777. 
Their first operations were highly successful. Ticonde- 
roga, garrisoned by above three thousand men, surren- 
dered after a short siege ; and, notwithstanding the 
obstacles thrown in his way by the provincials, Burgoyne 
reached the Pludson, within thirty-six miles of Albany. 
The aspect of affairs, however, soon changed. The 
American army, under General Gates, was stationed in 
his front, and the patriotism of the people rendered sup- 
plies of provisions very precarious. A body of Hessians, 
in number about five hundred, which had been des- 
patched by Burgoyne to seize some stores of provisions 
at Bennington, was attacked by General Starke, with 
about an equal number of the neighbouring militia. 
The greater part of the Hessian detachments was cap- 
tured, and many were killed or wounded. A reinforce- 
ment, which was sent by Burgoyne, met with the same 
fate from the hands of these gallant yeomanry. After 
vainly endeavouring to retreat, and after two actions, 
in which his best troops were defeated by the Americans, 
General Burgoyne surrendered his whole army at Sara- 
toga, on the 17th of October. This memorable event 
proved of the utmost importance to the cause of inde- 
pendence. It gave confidence to the people, afforded a 
supply of the munitions of war, and produced a powerful 
effect upon the dispositions of foreign governments. 
Soon after the intelligence reached Europe, a treaty of 
alliance was concluded between the United States and 
France, in pursuance of which a fleet and army were 
despatched to the assistance of the Americans. Fortu- 
nately for the British, the French fleet had an unusually 
long passage to the Delaware ; otherwise, it is probable 
that Sir William Howe's army, which continued in the 
10 



110 



BARON STEUFEN. 










Burgoyne's Encampment on the Hudson. 



vicinity of Philadelphia until June, 1777, would have 
shared the fate of Burgoyne's. The preceding- winter 
had been spent by Washington and his army in a hutted 
encampment at Valley Forge. Here they endured, 
with the most heroic fortitude, sufferings and privations, 
under a small part of which mere mercenaries would 
have sunk. While they occupied this encampment, 
the Baron Steuben, formerly an aid-de-camp to Frede- 
rick the Great, arrived and offered his services to Con- 
gress. They were most thankfully received, and, on 
the recommendation of Washington, he was appointed 
Inspector-General of the army, with the rank of Major- 
General. His long military practice in the Prussian 



RETREAT OF THE BRITISH. 




Baron Steuben Drilling the American Army. 



service, eminently qualified him for this office, and he 
proceeded at once to commence his duties. After ex- 
pending great toil and patience in the training of the 
troops, he at length brought them to such a state of 
discipline as would not suiSer in comparison with that 
of the best troops of Europe. 

The stubborn resolution of the Americans bore them 
out in the great privations at Valley Forge, and on the 
retreat of the British, they advanced with alacrity in 
pursuit. Their numbers and state of discipline, were 
not yet, however, such as to authorize Washington to 
lead them into a general engagement ; and, except at 
Monmouth, where a partial action took place, to the 
advantao-e of the Americans, the British reached New 
York without much loss. 

During the remainder of the year 1778, no other 
event of importance occurred, than an attempt on Rhode 
Isla"nd, by the Americans under General Sullivan ; 
which fiiled, owing to the want of the promised co-ope- 
ration on the part of the French admiral. 

Tiie year 1779 was chiefly passed by the British in 



112 STORMING OF STONY POINT. 

marauding excursions. Plunder and reveng-e appeared 
to be their object ; and havoc, and misery, and desolation, 
marked their footsteps. Their excesses awakened a 
fierce spirit of resentment in the American people, and 
added to the number of the republican army. The prin- 
cipal operations of the hostile armies were in the 
Southern States. Owing to the total want of prepara- 
tion, Savannah, and the whole state of Georgia, fell an 
easy conquest to the British troops under Colonel Camp- 
bell. General Lincoln defended South Carolina with 
great obstinacy, and various success, until the middle of 
September 1779, when the arrival of the French fleet 
under Count D'Estaing, encouraged the Americans to 
drive back their assailants, and with the help of the 
French to undertake the siege of Savannah. The enter- 
prise failed, owing to a hurried and premature attempt 
to carry the place by storm ; but it was conducted with 
extreme gallantry, and only abandoned after heavy 
losses. 

The only event of importance in the north during this 
year, was the surprisal of the strong post at Stony Point, 
which was carried by assault by a small body of Ameri- 
cans headed by the gallant General Wayne. He entered 
the place at night, with fixed bayonets, and captured the 
whole British garrison without discharging a single 
musket. 

It was about this time that General Putnam, being 
reconnoitering with a party of one hundred and fifty 
men, at a place called Horse Neck, was surprised by 
the approach of General Tryon with fifteen hundred men. 
After vainly attempting to retard the enemy's advance, 
he ordered his men to retire into a neighbouring swamp, 
and then, putting spurs to his horse, he dashed fear- 
lessly down the stone stairs, at that place. These stairs 
consisted of nearly one hundred steps, cut out of the 
solid rock, for the accommodation of foot-passengers 
who should wish to take a short way to a church, or 
the top of the hill. The British dragoons were afraid 
to follow him. A volley of musketry was poured after 
him without effect, one ball only passin*- through his 



CAPTURE OF THE SERAPIS. 



113 




Capture of Stony Point. 



hat. He rode to Stamford, from which he soon re- 
turned with reinforcements, and harassed Try on on his 
retreat. 

In the summer of 1780, four vessels were fitted out by 
the American commissioners at Paris, and the command 
g^iven to John Paul Jones. With two of these vessels, 
the Bon Homme Richard of forty guns, and the Pallas 
of thirty-two, he encountered on the evening of the 23d 
of September, off Flamborough Head, the British fri- 
gates Serapis of forty, and the Countess of Scarborough 
of twenty guns. The action commenced about seven 
o'clock, and continued with unremitting fury till half- 
past ten, when the Serapis surrendered to Jones, who 
10* 



114 CAPTURE OP THE COUNTESS OF SCARBOROUGH. 




Action of Bon Homme Richard and Serapis. 



immediately took possession of her, his own ship being 
in a sinliing condition. In tiie meantime the Pallas had 
captured the Countess of Scarborough. This double en- 
g-agement took place on a moonlight night, very near 
Flamborcugh Head, and was witnessed by thousands of 
spectators who had been drawn together by the noise of 
the cannonading. The Bon Homme Richard wentidown 
on the 25th, when Jones sailed for Holland with his 
prizes. Besides these two vessels, in this short cruise, 
this gallant sailor took prizes estimated to be worth 
more than 40,000?. He was honoured with the thanks of 
Congress, and a gold medal was struck to commemorate 
his victory. 



BATTLE OP CAMDEN. 115 




Commodore Paul Jones. 



In 1780, the war was continued with vig-our, in the 
South. A large force was despatched by the British to 
Carolina. Charleston was compelled to surrender, and 
a great part of the country overrun by the invaders. 
To relieve the inhabitants, Congress despatched General 
Gates with a respectable force. He unfortunately re- 
solved to fight a general battle, and was totally defeated 
by Cornwallis, at Camden, when many gallant and 
faithful soldiers perished, among whom was the deeply- 
lamented and brave old soldier. Baron de Kalb. 

Cornwallis then directed his views to the conquest of 
North Carolina; but his plans were frequently retarded 
and frustrated by the successes of Sumpter, Marion, and 
otherdistinguished partizans, and the indomitable courage 
of the inhabitants. Gates was succeeded in this com- 
mand by General Greene, whose talents soon restored 
hope to the Americans. By dint of great exertions, he 
collected together the appearance of an army, with 
which he was enabled to make head against the British. 

In September of this year, a traitorous attempt, on the 



116 



REVOLT AMONG THE TROOPS. 



part of General Arnold, to deliver up the important post 
of West Point to the British, was fortunately counter- 
acted. Arnold escaped to the enemy; hut Major Andre, 
a British officer, the accomplice of his treason, was taken 
and deservedly hanged. 

In January, 1761, a brilliant victory was gained by 
General Morgan, at tlie Cowpens, with an army inferior 
in force to the British, and composed, in a great measure 
of militia. The efforts of Cornwallis to recover the 
prisoners and to attack the American army in detail, 
were foiled by Greene's celebrated retreat into Virginia, 
when, being joined by reinforcements, he found liimself 
strong enough to re-enter North Carolina, and engage in 
a pitched battle with Cornwallis at Guilford court-house. 
The heavy loss sustained in this action, and the scanti- 
ness of supplies, compelled Cornwallis to abandon tiie 
upper country, and finally to retreat to Wilmington, on 
tlie coast. 

General Greene, who had hitherto preserved Virginia 
as the basis of his operations, then formed the daring re- 
solution of carrying the war into South Carolina ; upon 
which, after some hesitation, Cornwallis marched upon 
Virginia, where the traitor Arnold had already landed, 
and commenced his work of invasion and desolation. 

During the winter of 1780-81, Washington obtained 
from Congress permission to enlist soldiers for the whole 
war, with the important encouragement of a half-pay 
provision for the officers during life. 

Washington's army retired into winter quarters in the 
early part of December. The Pennsylvania line oc- 
cupied a station near Morristown ; the Jersey troops lay 
around Pompton ; those from New England were sta- 
tioned on both sides of the Hudson, at and near West 
Point; and the New York line continued at Albany, for 
the purpose of resisting any movement from the side of 
Canada. 

In January, 1781, the most disastrous consequences 
were apprehended from a general revolt of the Pennsyl- 
vania line, and another among the troops of New Jersey. 
The first was appeased by concessions imprudently made 



RETREA.T OF LA FAYETTE. 117 

by Congress to armed mutineers ; the second, produced 
by the impunity of the former, was quelled by the 
decision and vigorous severity of the commander-in- 
chief. 

Sir Henry Clinton endeavoured to turn these dis- 
contents to the advantage of the royal cause. It was 
creditable to the soldiers that they immediately arret^ted 
the British emissaries, and scornfully rejected all ];roi- 
fers of assistance. Tiie great distress of the army, and 
the growing discontent of the people, sprang from the 
same cause ; it was the system of forced requisitions, 
without which no supplies could be obtained for ihe 
American forces. 

Washington saw that the two armies were so strongly 
posted, and so nearly equal in point of strength, that no 
important movements could be effected on either side. 
He accordingly directed his plans to the south, where he 
saw the possibility of striking a decisive blow against 
the British army in Virginia. La Fayette marched 
with twelve hundred men to the head of the Chesapeake, 
and, though disappointed in the expected co-operation of 
the French fleet, he proceeded southward, with the ut- 
most celerity, to the seat of war. The royal troops, 
greatly increased by the arrival of reinforcements, were 
engaged in overrunning the v.hole state, committing 
everywhere the most wanton devastation of private pro- 
perty. The immediate junction of Cornwallis and 
Arnold formed an army not to be resisted by the power 
of the Americans ; and La Fayette, after a bold advance, 
was obliged to fall back. This able retreat was con- 
ducted with judgment, and happily effected with a large 
proportion of his military stores, notwithstanding the 
exulting boast of the British general that " the boy could 
not escape him." 

General Wayne advanced with fresh troops from the 
north ; and after some sharp conflicts, Cornwallis sus- 
pended active operations by retreating to Portsmouth. 

When an official communication was received, prom- 
ising the early arrival of the Count De Grasse with a 
large naval armament, Washington and Rochambeau 



118 



WASHINGTON MOVES SOUTH. 




La Fayette's Retreat. 



resolved to effect a junction and to operate against New 
York. That city was protected by a force of 11,000 
men, under Sir Henry Clinton. On the (3th of July, the 
allied armies met at Dobb's Ferry on the North River. 
Large reinforcements, however, arriving to the British 
at New York, and the fact that the arrangements of the 
Count De Grasse would allow but a short time for co- 
operation on the coast of America, determined Wash- 
ington to turn his whole attention to the south. 

La Fayette was ordered to assume such a position as 
would prevent Corn vvallis from retreating to Charleston. 
He accordingly took post on James River, while the 
British general fortified himself at Yorktown, and 
Gloucester Point, with all his disposable forces. Towards 
the end of August, the Count De Grasse entered the 
Chesapeake and landed the Marquis St. Simon, with a 
strong body of French soldiers. The arrival of the 



SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 119 

British admiral Graves brought on an indecisive naval 
battle, which was followed by some movements ending 
in the return of the British fleet to New York. 

Washington's movement to tlie south was managed 
with such caution, that his design was not suspected 
until he had almost reached the Delaware, and was far 
beyond the reach of interruption. He had with him the 
whole French force, with more than two thousand of 
the continentals, leaving the defence of the Hudson to 
General Heath. 

Sir Henry Clinton then used his utmost exertions to 
support Cornwallis, both by direct assistance and diver- 
sions to the north. One of these latter operations pro- 
duced the capture and destruction of New London, by 
the traitor Arnold. 

The allies proceeded down the Chesapeake, and on 
the 25th of September the last division of the army 
landed on the shores of James River, soon after which 
the siege of the British position was commenced in 
form. The Chesapeake was blockaded by the French 
fleet under the Count De Grasse. Including militia, 
the besiegers numbered about sixteen thousand men. 

Yorktown is situated on the southern side of York 
River, a broad river in which a ship of the line can lie 
in safety. On the north bank, opposite to the town, is 
Gloucester Point, a long neck of land running far into 
the river, and approaching within a mile of Yorktown. 
These positions were both fortified by the British, the 
communications being preserved by batteries and several 
vessels of war. The works at Gloucester Point were 
occupied by about six hundred men, under Lieutenant 
Colonel Dundas, who was afterwards reinforced by Tarle- 
ton. The main British army lay encamped around 
York, under cover of outer redoubts and field-works. 

The French general, De Choisy, was detached to 
blockade Gloucester. At his first approach, a brisk ac- 
tion was commenced, in which the British were worsted 
and compelled to retire within their fortifications. 

On the 28th, the allies advanced by different roads 
to occupy the ground fixed upon. The British picquets 
and cavalry were driven in, and a further movement, on 



129 



SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 




Siege of Yorktown. 



the next day, induced Cornwallis to abandon his outer 
lines. On the night of the 6th of October, the trenches 
of the first parallel were commenced, within six hun- 
dred yards of the works ; and several redoubts and bat- 
teries were completed by the 9th and 10th. The fire 
of the besiegers then became so heavy that scarcely a 
shot was returned, and the Charon, of forty-four guns, 
with three large transports, was destroyed by shells and 
red-hot balls. 

The high spirit of emulation and esteem that ex- 
isted between the allies, produced the most beneficial 
effects upon the activity of all operations. On the night 
of the eleventh, the distance of the belligerents was re- 
duced one-half by the commencement of the second 
parallel ; but the fire of the besieged then became de- 
structive, from several newly opened embrasures, and 
particularly from two advanced redoubts. The 14th 
was marked by the simultaneous storm of these two 



STJRRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 121 

outworks, — the one by the Americans, under La Fay- 
ette, — the other by the French troops under the Baron 
De Viomenil. Not a single shot was returned by the 
assailants: they advanced intrepidly under the ene- 
my's fire, and took possession of the works at the point 
of the bayonet. The redoubts were immediately in- 
cluded in the parallel, and the cannon turned on their 
former masters. 

Cornwallis now plainly saw that the fire of the new 
works would render his position untenable. A sally 
was attempted for the purpose of destroying the two 
batteries, but the troops were compelled to return with- 
out efiecting- their object. The enterprising commander 
then formed the daring resolution of crossing the river 
at night, with effectives only — routing De Choisy at 
Gloucester Point — and then pushing, by forced marches, 
for New York. This movement was in full progress, 
when a storm dispersed the boats and returned the 
British general to his former desperate situation. 

On the morning of the 17th. Cornwallis asked for a 
cessation of hostilities, and negotiations commenced for 
a capitulation. On the 19th, the posts of Yorktown 
and Gloucester Point surrendered to General Wash- 
ington, with the garrisons, exceeding 7,000 men, and 
all the military stores. The shipping and seamen were 
yielded to the Count De Grasse. The loss of the 
British, during the siege, was above five hundred ; that 
of the allies was about three hundred, in killed and 
wounded. 

General Greene was in the midst of a skilful and 
active campaign, marked by the sanguinary battles of 
Hobkirk's Hill, and the Eutaws, in which the fortune of 
America was gradually advancing to the ascendant. 
The conquest of York and the surrender of Corn- 
wallis, however, was the crowning glory of the war, 
and was decisive of the contest. The British govern- 
ment, finding that all its efforts to reduce its former 
colonies to submission were inefl^ectual, reluctantly 
acknowledged their independence by a treaty signed 
on the 23d of September, 1783. 
11 



CHAPTER XV. 

The United States. 

The successful issue of a conflict with so powerful a' 
nation as Great Britain, was highly flattering- to the 
national pride of the people of the United States^ and 
D-ave them an elevated rank in the eyes of foreign na- 
tions. The mere establishment of their independence, 
however, they soon found was far from being sufficient 
to ensure their prosperity. The expenses of the war 
had created a debt of many millions, which remained 
to be paid. An excessive issue of paper currency had 
taken place, and produced the necessary consequence 
upon the public wealth "and morals; and the system of 
confederation, which, even with the enthusiasm with 
which it was upheld, during the war, had been found 
inefficient now, when the impulse arising from a com- 
mon danger no longer operated, became merely a nomi- 
nal bond. The recommendations of Congress, though 
supported by the most urgent reasons, were generally 
disregarded ; the country was drained of its specie to 
pay for foreign goods; the value of the public stock 
sunk to two shillings in the pound, in consequence of 
the want of funds to pay the interest, and everything 
indicated a dissolution of the confederacy, and approach- 
ing anarchy. This ^larming state of things excited in 
the friends of order an earnest desire for a change in 
the confederation. At the instance of the legislature 
of Virginia, commissioners from five of the states as- 
sembled at Annapolis in 1786, who, having taken the 
subject of the commercial difficulties into consideration, 
proposed a meeting of delegates from each state for the 
purpose of revising the confederation. On the 19th of 
May, 1787, they convened at Philadelphia, and, on the 
17th of September, laid before Congress the result of 
tlieir labours. They declared that, in all their delibera- 

(122) 



WASHINGTON—ADAMS. 123 

tions, they had kept steadily in view the consolidation 
of the Union, in which is involved the public prosperity 
and safety, and they expressed an ardent wish that the 
constitution they had formed might promote the last- 
ing welfare, and secure the freedom and happiness of 
the country, so dear to all. These views and desires 
were happily accomplished.* By that admirable con- 
stitution the ties of union between the states were 
drawn closer, the republic was rendered more formida- 
ble to other nations, and the general government gained 
the requisite power and authority in its internaj con- 
cerns, without drawing too largely upon the liberties of 
the people. Public opinion, however, was divided on 
the question of its adoption or rejection. The subject 
was discussed with great warmth and ability on either 
side ; conventions were called in each state. In some, 
the ratification of the constitution was obtained with 
difficulty ; and it was not finally adopted by the little 
state of Rhode Island until after the lapse of two years. 
Eleven states having ratified it, the government went 
into operation in 1789. 

However discordant the opinions of the American 
public in relation to the constitution, there was but one 
sentiment with regard to the individual by whom the 
office of president should be first filled. All eyes were 
turned upon Him by whom the liberties of the country 
had been vindicated in the field, and who, at the close 
of the contest, had retired to private life, without a 
stain upon the purity of his character. Washington 
was unanimously chosen President, and accepted the 
office with unfeigned reluctance. John Adams was 
chosen Vice President. The beneficial effects of the 
new system of government, administered, as it was, by 
sucJi m.en, were soon perceived. Trade revived, confi- 
dence was restored, and the condition of the people sen- 
sibly improved. During the war that arose out of the 
French revolution, the United States remained neutral. 
The wise policy of Washington discouraged all pro- 
ceedings tending to involve the country in a contest 
with either party. 



1^ 



WAYNES VICTORY. 




General Wayne. 



The feeling-sofa large portion of the community were 
warmly enlisted on the side of France, and would have 
urged the nation into hostilities with England. The 
neutral course pursued by the government met with op- 
position, and increased the hostility of the two parties, 
which, under the names of republicans and federalists, 
have so long divided the nation. In consequence of the 
hostility of the Indians, who, after defeating General 
St. Clair, were finally routed and dispersed by General 
Wayne, some additional regiments were raised, to sup- 
port which an excise was laid on whiskey. An insur- 
rection broke out in some of the western counties of Penn- 
sylvania, which, however, the energy and prudence of the 
government soon suppressed. Washington was unani- 



CAPTURE OF l'iNSURGENTE. 125 

mously re-elected to the presidency in 1793; and on tlie 
approach of the period at which this second term ex- 
pired, declined a re-election, in a farewell letter which 
breathes the purest patriotism and the warmest affection 
for his beloved country. 

He was succeeded in oilice by John Adams, a distin- 
guished actor in the Revolution. During- his presidency, 
the French revolutionary government, disappointed in 
the object of engag'ing- the United States in the war with 
England, pursued a course of insult and aggression 
towards them, which ended in hostilities. The Ameri- 
can administration had forborne for a long time, but at 
length adopted measures of retaliation and defence. A 
provisional army of regular troops was established, and 
the navy was increased by several frigates. Washing- 
ton w^as appointed by tlie unanimous consent of the 
Senate, lieutenant-general, and commander-in-chief of 
the armies of the United States. This illustrious citizen 
died shortly afterwards, leaving behind the character of 
the most pure and faultless of patriots. When informa- 
tion of his death reached Congress, resolutions expres- 
sive of the national grief for a public loss were passed; 
and it was recommended to the people of the United 
States to wear crape for thirty days, a measure which 
was universally adopted. Hostilities between the United 
States and France continued only a few months, and 
were altogether confined to the ocean. Two severe 
and well-fought actions took place between frigates, in 
both of which the Americans were victorious. The first, 
between the frigate Constellation of thirty-eight guns, 
and the French frigate LTnsurgente of 'about equal force, 
in which the latter was captured; the second was be- 
tween the same American frigate, and La Vengeance 
of superior force, which made her escape in the night, 
after having, it was believed, struck her colours. 

In 1801, a revolution took place in the administration 
of public affairs. The Republican party having be- 
come the majority, succeeded in electing their candi- 
date, Mr. Jefierson, to the presidency, in opposition to 
Mr. Adams. During the first term of his official ca- 
ll* 



i26 AGGRESSIONS ON AMERICAN COMMERCE. 

reer, the United States enjoyed a singular degree of 
commercial prosperity, while the benefits of free insti- 
tutions were visible in the elevated character and happy 
condition of the people. The European war, a cessa- 
tion of which had taken place, was renewed, after a 
short breathing time, in 1803. The principal bellige- 
rents, whose wide-spread schemes of hostility towards 
each other had, during the administrations of preceding 
presidents, occasionally depredated on neutrals, began 
about 1806, to display a more offensive demeanor. By 
their neutral position, the United States had gained a 
great accession of wealth, and excited the jealousies of 
the English, who saw them becoming the carriers of 
produce between France and her colonies. To coun- 
teract this commerce, the law of nations was disregard- 
ed, and neutral rights violated by the British govern- 
ment. For the purpose of cutting off the entire trade 
with France, they declared the greater part of the 
French coast in a state of blockade, without pursuing 
the ancient mode of stationing a naval armament to 
enforce it. The emperor Napoleon retaliated by an 
edict of a similar nature, the execution of which was. 
evidently impracticable in the state of the French ma- 
rine. The English then issued their memorable orders, 
in council, by which they presumed to forbid any trade 
whatever with France or her dependencies; and in a 
subsequent decree, Napoleon declared all neutral ves- 
sels denationalized which should suffer themselves to 
be visited by a vessel of war. In these hostile proceed- 
ings, the English were plainly the aggressors. They 
had, besides, outraged the national dignity of the United 
States, by an unprovoked attack upon the frigate Chesa- 
peake ; by the frequent impressment of American sea- 
men, and by the hostile and insulting demeanor of their 
vessels of war, stationed at the mouths of American 
harbours, to enforce their orders in council. Remon- 
strances were tried in vain ; and Congress resolved that 
the nation could not submit without a suTendcr of in- 
dependence. The country was not, however, piepared 
for war ; and although the aggres&iono of t'ae English 



THE NON-INTERCOURSE ACT. 127 

far surpassed those of France in violence and magni- 
tude, yet the wrongs inflicted by the latter could not be 
passed over without notice. A system of restrictions 
upon commerce, which should operate towards both 
belligerents, was therefore attempted. In December, 
1807, an embargo was laid on all American vessels, the 
restrictions of which were enforced by several subse- 
quent acts. After the experience of upv/ards of a year, 
and when it was supposed by many that this measure 
was producing the desired effect in Europe, Congress, 
yielding to the earnest petitions of the commercial in- 
terest, repealed the embargo law, and substituted an act 
interdicting the commercial intercourse with both Great 
Britain and France ; but giving to the President au- 
thority to remove the restriction in case of an amicable 
arrangement. 

In the year 1809, Mr. Jefferson having declined a re- 
election, James Madison was chosen President, and, at 
the same time George Clinton was re-chosen Vice Pre- 
sident. In April an arrangement was made with Mr. 
Erskine, the British minister, by which the latter engaged 
on the part of his government, for the repeal of the ob- 
noxious orders, and the President consented, on the 
other hand, to the renewal of the commercial intercourse 
between the two countries. The British government, 
however, did not think proper to ratify this act of their 
minister, on the ground of its having been concluded 
without sufficient authority. The non-intercourse with 
Great Britain was consequently renewed. Mr, Erskine 
was succeeded in iiis functions of ambassador by Mr. 
Jackson, memorable for having been the diplomatist at 
the attack upon Copenhagen. This person having, soon 
afler the commencement of his correspondence with the 
secretary of state, offered a gross insult to the govern- 
ment, the President declined any further correspondence 
with him, and desired his recall. His government sub- 
sequently recalled him, but only to promote him to 
another station. In August, 1810, the French govern- 
ment othcially announced to the American minister at 
Paris, that the Berlin and Milan decrees would cease to 



128 BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 

Operate on the 1st of November ensuing. The President 
accordingly issued a proclamation on the 2d of Novem- 
ber, declaring that the intercourse between the United 
States and France might be lawfully renewed. In 
May, 1811, the British sloop of war Little Belt, one 
of the many armed vessels which that government 
had stationed on the American coast to harass the 
American commerce, had the audacity to fire upon the 
United States frigate President. A few shots from the 
latter were sufficient to cripple her. Indian hostilities, 
stimulated by the British, were added to this source 
of provocation. In November of the same year, an 
action was fought at Tippecanoe, between an army of 
regulars and militia, commanded by Governor Harrison, 
and a large body of Indians, in which the latter were 
defeated, with the loss of upwards of one hundred and 
seventy, killed and wounded. 

The European belligerents still persisted in their 
system of spoliation. After the revocation of the Berlin 
and Milan decrees, the French captured forty-five of 
our vessels. From 1807, till 1812, the British took three 
hundred and eighty-nine of our vessels, which, with five 
hundred and twenty-eight taken between 1803 and 1807, 
made a total of nine hundred and seventeen captured by 
them in ten years. In the opinion of a majority of the 
nation, war was necessary to redress these wrongs. 



CHAPTER XVI. 
The War of 1812. 

The system of restrictions upon commerce was con- 
tinued until 1812, when the increasing outrages of Great 
Britain called for more decided and effective measures. 
With a view to hostilities, the President was authorized 
to augment the number of the regular army. Volunteers 



SURRENDER OF HULL. 129 

were accepted, and the few frigates belong-ing to the navy 
were ordered to be fitted out. War was declared on the 
18th of June, 1812, having been recommended by the 
President, in a message to both houses. Notwithstand- 
ing the length of time in which hostilities had been 
meditated, they were commenced with a very imperfect 
state of preparation on the part of the Americans. An 
addition to the regular army, of 25,000 men, had been 
authorized ; but few of them had been enlisted ; and 
few persons were found sufficiently acquainted with mili- 
tary science to act as officers. The volunteers and 
militia were undisciplined, however zealous and patri- 
otic. In consequence of these imperfect preparations, 
and tlie want of sufficient foresight in other respects on 
the part of the government, the first operations of the 
war were marked by singular ill-success. 

An army, composed principally of volunteers and 
militia, under the command of General Hull, invaded 
Canada from the Michigan territory, in July ; and, after 
a brief possession of a portion of the enemy's country, 
fell back to Detroit. The British, having the command 
of the lake, immediately cut off his communication with 
the state of Ohio, from which he had derived his sup- 
plies. Two attempts made to open the route failed of 
success. In this situation, a British force, under Gene- 
ral Brock, advanced against the American troops; and, 
without waiting an attack. General Hull surrendered his 
army prisoners of war. He was afterwards tried by a 
court martial and condemned to be shot. The President 
approved the sentence, but remitted the punishment in 
consequence of the age and revolutionary services of the 
general. 

On the Niagara frontier, the operations of the Ame- 
ricans were almost equally unfortunate. About one 
thousand troops, commanded by General Van Rensse- 
laer, crossed the river in November, and attacked the 
British at Queenstown. They were at first successful, 
having beaten the enemy with the bayonet; but not re- 
ceiving the expected remforcements, and their retreat 



130 



CONSTITUTION AND GUERRIERE. 







Constitution and Guerriere. 



to the opposite shore heing- cut off, they were, after a 
long- and obstinate engagement, compelled to surrender. 
The disappointment arising from the failure of these 
military enterprises, was amply counterbalanced by the 
glorious success of the American flag on the ocean, the 
previous, and, as it had seemed, the peculiar theatre of 
British triumph. On the 20th of August, 1812, the 
United States frigate Constitution, under the command 
of Captain Hull, a nephew of the general who had in- 
flicted so deep a disgrace upon his country's flag, fell in 
with the British frigate Guerriere, of about equal force. 
The latter advanced to the conflict, confident in the re- 
putation of the British arms, and anticipatmg an easy 
triumph over her opponent; but in the space of thirty 
minutes, the well-directed fire of the Constitution 
placed her in a sinking state, and she was forced to 



CAPTURE OF THE FROLIC. 



131 




t_0,llliii<ili'lt_ Jlilli 



surrender, with the loss of one hundred men, killed, 
wounded, and missing. On board the Constitution seven 
only were killed, and seven wounded. 

This brilliant exploit was followed by another of a' 
similar nature. On the 25th of October, the frigate 
United States, commanded by Captain Decatur, en- 
gaged the British frigate Macedonian, and, after an ac- 
tion of an hour and a half, the duration of which was 
prolonged by the manoeuvres of the enemy, compelled 
her to surrender, with the loss of upwards of a hundred 
killed and wounded. The Macedonian was sent into 
the United States, and added to the navy. 

In November, the British sloop of war Frolic was 
captured, after a severe engagement with the American 
sloop of war Wasp, of inferior force, commanded by 
Captain (now Commodore) Jones. About thirty were 
killed and fifty wounded, on board the Frolic. The 
American loss was four killed and five wounded. 

Before the close of this year, another brilliant victory 
added lustre to the American arms. The frigate Con- 



132 CAPTURE OF THE PEACOOK. 




Captain James Lawrence. 



etitution, commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, being 
off the coast of Brazil, encountered the British frigate 
Java, carrying ah equal number of guns, but having a 
larger number of men, there being on board, besides 
her original crew of four hundred men, one hundred 
supernumeraries, and several military passengers. A 
warm action ensued, which continued about an hour, 
when the fire of the Constitution reduced her oppo- 
nent to an unmanageable wreck, and she struck her 
colours. Her loss was very great, sixty having been 
killed, and one hundred and twenty wounded. Of the 
crew of the Constitution, nine were killed and twenty- 
five wounded. Tt being found impossible to bring the 
prize into port, she was destroyed by the captors. 

Not long afterwards, the sloop of war Hornet, com- 
manded by Captain James Lawrence, fell in with and 
captured ^,he British sloop of war Peacock, of superior 
force, after an action of only fifteen minutes. 

Feats of naval prowess were not confined to the pub- 
lic ships of the United States. Privateers sailed from 



OPERATIONS ON THE LAKES. 133 

every port, and exhibited the same superiority that waa 
displayed by the regular navy. Before the meeting of 
Congress, in November, two hundred and fifty vessels 
had been captured from the enemy, and more than three 
thousand prisoners taken ; upwards of fifty of those ves- 
sels being armed, carrying nearly six hundred guns. 

The good effects of these splendid triumphs in pro- 
moting confidence, soon extended beyond the element 
on which they had been gained. A spirit was thereby 
roused on land, which produced a happy contrast to the 
previous languor of despondence. In the western and 
in the southern states, volunteer corps were everywhere 
forming, and tendering their services to march to any 
quarter of the Union. Great alacrity was shown in the 
western section of Pennsylvania and Virginia; but this 
patriotic zeal was the most conspicuously observable in 
Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee. It was expected that, 
before October, everything would be ready for a formida- 
ble invasion of Canada; but, from an extraordinary 
cause, there was experienced considerable disappoint- 
ment. 

Unfriendly to the war, particularly to its being made 
offensive, thQ governors of Massachusetts, New Hamp- 
shire, and Connecticut, refused to allow the militia of 
those states to march under the requisition of the Presi- 
dent. They declared that they were themselves the 
proper judges, in accordance with the federal constitution, 
of the necessity which might require them in the field. 
Their refusal delayed for a short time the intended move- 
ments, but did not depress the spirits of the troops 
collected. 

Nearly 10,000 men were at length embodied on the 
northern lines ; and skilful sea-officers were employed 
in forming a navy on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Cham- 
plain. The indefatigable exertions of Commodore 
Chauncey in creating a fleet upon those inland seas, pro- 
duced most beneficial results. During the revolutionary 
war, the operations on the northern lakes extended not 
beyond the contests of a few temporary gun-boats, or 
inconsiderable schooners; but preparations were now 
12 



134 BATTLE OF FRENCHTOWN. 

making-, from which arose a sublimity of combat not less 
interesting than on the extended waves of the Atlantic 
ocean. 

When Congress re-assembled in November, the glory 
of the seamen was contrasted with the disgraces of the 
army, as a fresh argument against the measures of the 
existing government. Party spirit rose to an alarming 
height; and, as usual, the members of the state legisla- 
tures were not less under its influence in their public 
than in their private relations. Mutual charges were 
made, of French control, and improper submission to the 
outrages of Britain. Some degree of justice was appa- 
rent on the pacific side ; yet the advocates of war were 
able to produce arguments equally meriting attention. 

A proposal for an armistice, made by the governor of 
Canada, had been thought inadmissible ; and a similar 
offer, by a British admiral, was on the same principle 
rejected : but, on the other hand, the American minister 
at London had made a pacific overture, which proved 
abortive ; and a mediation offered to the British govern- 
ment, by the emperor of Russia, was equally ineffectual. 

The military operations of the year 1813 were pro- 
ductive of alternate successes and reverses. After the 
capture of Hull's army, the government immediately 
called out detachments of the militia and volunteers from 
Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and placed the whole 
under the command of General William Henry Harrison. 
The arrangements of this officer were well concerted to 
obtain the object proposed in the first instance, the re- 
covery of Detroit. 

In pursuance of his plans. General Winchester was 
sent forward to the rapids of Miami, with about eight 
hundred men, with directions to commence the building 
of huts. Early in January, he arrived at this post, and 
formed a fortified camp; but, hearing of an intended at- 
tack upon Frenchtown, at the River Raisin, by the In- 
dians, he moved forward to that place. 

Here, on tJie morning of the 22d of January, he was 
suddenly attacked by a large force of British and Indians, 
commanded by Colonel Proctor. The Americans were 



MASSACRE OF THE AMERICANS. 



135 




Battle of Frenchtown. 



surprised and surrounded; and, though they fought with 
coolness and courage, it was soon perceived to be in 
vain to contend with the enemy's superior numbers. To 
preserve tliose who had not ah*eady fallen, their general 
surrendered them prisoners of war, to the number of 
about five hundred. After the battle, the British com- 
menced their march to Maiden, leaving the unfortunate 
prisoners in charge of the Indians, with whose ferocious 
disposition they were well acquainted. A most barba- 
jous massacre ensued, and of those who escaped the 
tomahawk or the flames, many were sold into captivity. 
No effort was made by the British to save these unfor- 
tunate soldiers, although Colonel Proctor had expressly 
engaged that they should be protected. 

On the Ontario frontiers, the American arms enjoyed 
a brief advantage. York, the seat of government of 
Upper Canada, being abandoned by the enemy, was 
taken possession of by troops under the command of 
General -Dearborn, on the 27th of April. When the 



136 SIEGE OF FORT MEIGS. 

Americans were within a short distance of the British 
works, after they had driven before them the best of the 
enemy's troops with the bayonet, an explosion took place, 
from a magazine previously prepared for the purpose, by 
which about one hundred were killed, among whom 
was the commander of the detachment, General Pike, 
an officer of distinguished military talents and bravery, 
whose loss was deeply lamented. His troops, undis- 
mayed by the fall of their leader, or the new species of 
enemy they had to contend with, gave loud cheers, and 
pushed forward to avenge his death. Having destroyed 
or removed most of the public stores, the army evacuated 
York. 

On the 27th of May, a detachment proceeded to at- 
tack Fort George, which surrendered, after a sharp 
contest, in which a superior force of British regulars 
were beaten by the American advance. During the 
absence of General Dearborn, with the troops from 
Sackett's Harbour, an attempt was made upon that post 
by a formidable force under Sir George Prevost. They 
were received, however, with so much coolness and 
good conduct, by General Brown," with a small body of 
militia, volunteers, seamen, and regulars, hastily col- 
lected, that they betook themselves to flight, leaving be- 
hind them their wounded and prisoners. 

At the Beaver Dams, near Fort George, a detach- 
ment of Americans, under the command of Generals 
Chandler and Winder, were surprised at night by a 
British party, and both the generals ingloriously cap- 
tured. 

On the borders of Lake Erie, the campaign opened 
with an attack, by the British, upon Fort Sandusky, in 
which they were repulsed with loss, by the gallant com- 
mander, Major Croghan. 

After the defeat and capture of General Winchester, 
General Harrison concentrated his forces at the Rapids, 
where he erected a fort; which, in honour of the gover- 
nor of Ohio, received the name of Fort Meigs. The allied 
forces advanced to this place, and commenced a siege, 
in May, 1813. They were unsuccessful. Notwith- 



BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. 



137 




Commodore Perry, 



standing the repulse of a body of Kentuckians, who, 
descending the river to the relief of the fort, were de- 
feated by the enemy, the siege was raised without any 
great loss having been incurred by either party. 

In the mean time, great exertions had been making 
to gain the command on Lake Erie. The xAmerican 
squadron, commanded by Commodore Perry, consisted 
of nine vessels, carrying fifty-six guns ; the British of 
six vessels, with sixty-nine guns. On the morning of 
the 10th of September, the two squadrons encountered 
each other. The action was long and well contested, 
and, at one period, the principal American vessel had 
struck her colours. A bold and unusual manoeuvre of 
the American commander, however, decided the fortune 
of the day. After an action of three hours, the whole 
British squadron surrendered, not a single vessel es- 
caping. This glorious victory relieved the entire north- 
v.'estern frontier from the presence of the enemy. 

General Harrison hastened to take advantage of the 
facilities it afforded. He embarked his main army on 
12* 



138 OUTRAGES ON THE ATLANTIC FRONTIER. 

board of the American squadron, and, landing on the' 
Canadian shore, immediately marched in pursuit of the 
enemy. Near the river Thames, an action was fought, 
on the 5th of October, which terminated in the total 
defeat and dispersion of the British army. Six hundred 
prisoners, principally regular troops, and several pieces 
of cannon, were taken. With this action ended the im- 
portant occurrences of the war on the north-western 
frontier 

During the early part of the war, the Atlantic fron- 
tier enjoyed comparative peace. In the spring of 1813, 
a series of devastating hostilities began on the shores 
of the Chesapeake, which reflected no honour on the 
British arms. The chief actor in these scenes was Ad- 
miral Cockburn, whose exploits will long be remem- 
bered in that quarter. 

After plundering farm-houses and rifling churches, 
the enemy's troops were employed on a bolder scale. 
With the hope of obtaining possession of Norfolk, an 
attack was made on Craney Island, which, fortunately, 
ended m the total defeat of the invaders. The small 
town of Hampton was, however, taken and given up 
to violation and plunder. During the remainder of 
this year, the British in the Chesapeake were chiefly 
employed in threatening Washington and Baltimore. 
Admiral Cockburn pursued, on the shores of the Caro- 
linas, the same system of pillage and devastation that 
he had previously practised in the Chesapeake. 

On the ocean, the American frigate Chesapeake was, 
in consequence of the unfortunate death of her comman- 
der, and the disabled state of most of the officers, 
captured by the British frigate Shannon, of somewhat 
superior force and equipment; and the sloop of war Ar- 
gus was taken by the British ship Pelican, of superior 
force : but, on the other hand, the British sloop of war 
Peacock, of twenty guns, was taken by the Hornet, of 
eighteen ; and the Boxer, of sixteen guns, was taken by 
the American brig Enterprise, of similar force. 

In the latter part of this year, a formidable expediti(Mi 
was fitted out for an attempt on Montreal, which, after 



BATTLE OF TOHOPEKA. 139 

proceeding- a short distance down the river St. Law 
rence, and having encountered without much success a 
body of the enemy, found the obstacles greater than 
were anticipated, and abandoned the attempt. The 
army then went into winter quarters. 

On the 30th of August, 1813, the Indians of Florida 
attacked Fort Mimms, and, after a desperate conflict 
with the garrison, succeeded in setting the place on fire. 
A dreadful carnage ensued ; and only seventeen, out of 
the whole number of three hundred men, women, and 
children, escaped to carry the dreadful intelligence to 
the neighbouring settlements. In order to chastise these 
Indians for this and other unprovoked attacks on the 
white settlers. General Jackson was despatched with an 
army of 3,500 men. 

A detachment of this army, on the 2d of November, 
fell in with a large body of Indians at Tallushatchee, 
which, after a desperate and obstinate resistance, was 
at length overcome, with the loss of one hundred and 
eighty-six men. Of the detachment only five were 
killed and forty wounded. 

On the 9th of December, General Jackson succeeded 
in relieving the fortress of Talladega, which was then 
closely besieged by the Indians. The enemy were to- 
tally defeated. From this time Jackson gained victory 
after victory over the Indians; until at last, on the 27th 
of March, 1814, the spirit of the Creeks was entirely bro- 
ken, and that unfortunate nation was totally overthrown 
and subjected to the whites, by the battle of Tohopeka. 
Tohopeka was a strongly fortified Indian fortress at the 
Horse-shoe Bend, on the Tallapoosa River, and at the 
time of attack was garrisoned by one thousand men, who 
were aware of the approaching danger, and made every 
preparation in their power to meet it. 

When General Jackson arrived in front of their 
breastwork, his troops advanced with unexampled gal- 
lantry, and were received with the greatest coolness. A 
most destructive contest was maintained at the port 
holes, until Major Montgomery, springing to the wall, 
called to his company to follow him. He was immedi- 



140 CAPTURE OF FORT ERIE. 

ately killed, but his followers unrestrained by his fall, 
scaled the ramparts, and the remainder of the army 
following their example, soon succeeded in driving the 
enemy into the brush. The Indians refusing to surren- 
der, the brush was set on fire, and soon being exposed to 
the view of their enemies, their numbers were materially 
thinned. Darkness put a stop to the slaughter. Soon 
after this a treaty of peace was concluded with the In- 
dians at the Hickory Ground. 

Early in the spring of 1814, General Wilkinson made 
another incursion into Canaxla, which ended unsuccess- 
fully. He was soon afterwards superseded in the com- 
mand, which was given to General Izard. 

On the Niagara frontier, events occurred which re- 
trieved the character of the American arms. M^reat 
pains had been taken to improve the discipline of the 
troops, and prepare them to encounter the veteran sol- 
diers of the enemy. The command was assigned to 
General Brown, who had distinguished himself at Sack- 
ett's Harbour. On the 2d of July, the troops crossed, 
and having captured Fort Erie, with its garrison, pro- 
ceeded to attack the British position at Chippewa. The 
respective forces were about equal in numbers. On the 
5th of July, a very obstinate and well-fought battle took 
place, which terminated in. favour of the Americans, 
who carried all the British works by the bayonet, and 
finally converted their retreat into a disorderly flight. 

Another still more warmly contested battle occurred 
on the 25th of the same month. The enemy, having 
been reinforced, advanced towards the American posi- 
tion, and was attacked by General Scott, near the Falls 
of Niagara. After a great display of valour, the enemy, 
beaten by the bayonet, was forced to retreat with great 
loss. The American force, however, was so much 
weakened, that it fell back to Fort Erie. The British 
advanced to lay siege to the fort, but their operations 
proved unsuccessful. An attempt to carry it by assault 
was defeated with great slaughter, and in a sally upon 
the besieger's lines, the Americans gained great ad- 
vantages. 



BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG. 



141 




Capture of Fort Erie. 



On the northern frontier, the arms of the republic 
obtained a glorious triumph. On the 1st of September, 
the British general, Prevost, with 14,000 men, advanced 
to the attack of Plattsburg, which was the principal 
depot for the northern army and the flotilla on Lake 
Champlain. The American militia in the town were 
commanded by General Macomb. They made every 
exertion in their power to retard the approach of the 
enemy, but the great inferiority of their numbers pre- 
vented them from holding the British long in check. 
The enemy entered the town on the 6th, and the Ameri- 
cans retired across the Saranac, tearing up the bridges 
in their rear. 

The American squadron, under Commodore McDo- 
nough, was attacked, on the 11th, by the British fleet, 
and a hard fought action immediately commenced. It 
was continued for upwards of two hours, when the Bri- 
tish flag-ship struck her colours. Many of the British 
ships were sunk, the remainder surrendered, and at the 



142 BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 




Commodore McDonough. 



close of the action there was not a mast standing in. 
either squadron fit to carry a sail. 

This action was witnessed by both armies on the 
shore, as well as by the people of Plattsburg, and when 
the colours were struck, the shores resounded with the 
cheers of the Americans. When the naval engagement 
commenced, the British, from their works on shore, 
opened a heavy fire of shot, shells, and rockets, upon 
the American lines on the other side of the little river 
Saranac. They made three several attempts to cross 
the river, but were as often repulsed, with great 
slaughter. During the night, the whole army fled with 
precipitation, before 4,000 Americans, leaving their sick 
and wounded, entrenching tools, and provisions, behind 
them. 

During this year the British government availed itself 
of its powerful force to pillage and lay waste the At- 
lantic frontier. In the month of August, a body of 
about four thousand five hundred men was landed near 
Washington, and, on the 24th, an engagement took 



BURNING OF WASHINGTON. 143, 

place at Bladensburg-, which ended in the retreat of the 
Americans. In this engagement, General Winder, the 
American commander, displayed a signal deficiency of 
military foresight and resource. 

The British, under General Ross, advaneed to Wash- 
ington, and took possession of that place. After de- 
stroying the capitol, and other public buildings, they re- 
tired without molastation. 

The disgrace arising from this event, was, in some 
measure, retrieved soon after by the able defence of 
Baltimore. When the British troops landed in Sep- 
tember, to attack that city, they were met by the inhabi- 
tants at the water's edge, at North Point, and an en- 
gagement ensued, in which General Ross was mortally 
wounded. This reception, together with the firmness 
displayed by the defenders of Fort McHenry, under 
Major Armistead, who successfully withstood a furious 
bombardment, by the British fleet, for twenty-five hours, 
finally compelled the assailants to withdraw. 

On the ocean, the reputation of the American flag 
still continued to be maintained. The frigate Presi- 
dent, was, however, captured by a squadron of the ene- 
my;, and the Essex, by two vessels of superior force, 
after a most desperate engagement, and great slaughter; 
but the capture of the Epervier, the Avon, the Rein- 
deer, the Cyane, the Levant, and the Penguin, proved 
that, in actions between vessels of equal force, the Ame- 
ricans were uniformly successful. 

In the beginning of the year, a British flag of truce 
had arrived at Annapolis, with despatches for the Ame- 
rican government, announcing the expulsion of Napo- 
leon's armies from Spain, his signal defeat about the 
same period at Leipsic, and that, notwithstanding the 
rejection of the Russian mediation, the Prince-Regent 
of England was willing to enter upon direct negotia- 
tions of peace. The President having frankly acceded 
to the proposal, it was agreed that commissioners should 
assemble at Ghent. 

Henry Clay and Jonathan Russel were appointed, on 
the part of the United States, to proceed to Europe, and 



144 NEGOTIATIONS OF PEACE. 

with John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, and Albert 
Gallatin — diplomatists already there — to commence the 
pleasing business of conciliation. 

It required the brilliant victory on Lake Champlain, 
and the equally splendid defence of Plattsburg, on the 
11th of September, to remove the unfavorable impres- 
sion made on these negotiations by the unfortunate sur- 
render of the capital to the British army. But it might 
reasonably have been supposed that the war would, be- 
fore this period, have ceased. Sufficient evidence had 
been offered to the enemy that no serious impression 
could be made upon the United States. The pacifica- 
tion of Europe had withdrawn the immediate causes of 
dispute, and the American commissioners had been in- 
structed to allow the subject of impressment to remain 
unsettled. But the English government, not equally 
desirous of peace, proposed, most insultingly, a formal 
relinquishment of this ground of controversy by the 
United States, a surrender of a large portion of American 
territory, and the total abandonment of the coast along 
the lakes. 

Early in September it became known that the enemy 
were preparing to make a formidable invasion upon 
Louisiana. The majority of the planters there, at least, 
of French extraction, had felt little interest in the war ; 
the militia, therefore, were scarcely organized, instead 
of being disciplined and armed. But the chief safety of 
the inhabitants was in the nature of their country. It 
was exceedingly difficult of access by sea. In front was 
a shallow coast, and the principal entrance was a river ; 
which, after crossing the bar, is narrow, deep, and rapid, 
and of a course so winding as to render it easily suscep- 
tible of being fortified. On the west are impassable 
Bwamps ; and on the east the low, marshy coast can be 
approached only through a shallow lake. 

Gun-boats, the most appropriate means of annoyance, 
had, notwithstanding, been neglected. As regarded 
men, arms, and military works, Louisiana was in a most 
defenceless situation. Happily for New Orleans, the 
commander of the district, General Jackson, arrived 
there on the 2d of December, from Mobile ; to which 



ATTACK ON NEW ORLEANS. 145 

place he had returned after his capture of Pensacola, and 
his war with the Creek Indians. His presence was in- 
stantly felt in the confidence which it inspired, and in 
the unanimity with which the people seconded his 
prompt arrangements. 

Three days had not elapsed after the arrival of Gene- 
ral Jackson, when intelligence was received that the 
British fleet, consisting of at least sixty sail, was off the 
coast. 

Guided by some traitors, the van of the invading army, 
on the 22d of December, was enabled to penetrate the 
country through a secret passage, called the Bayou 
Bienvenn, and tor a moment to surprise the American 
guard ; but the assailants were quickly repulsed, and 
Jackson lost no time in fortifying his post for the protec- 
tion of the city. This was effected by a simple breast- 
work, from the Mississippi to the swamp, with a wet 
ditch in front ; cotton bales of a square form being used 
as the cheeks of the embrasures. Meanwhile the British 
commander-in-chief, having landed the main body of his 
army, on the 28th of December, made an unsuccessful 
attempt to drive the American general from his en- 
trenchments. 

On the 1st of January, 1815, another unsuccessful at- 
tempt was made upon the American lines. On the 4th, 
General Jackson received an increase of 2,500 militia 
from Kentucky, under Generals Thomas and Adair; 
and on the 6th, the British were reintviced by the arri- 
val of General Lambert. Their whole number was now 
14,000. General Jackson commanded about 6,000. 

The lines on the right bank of the r^ver were en- 
trusted to General Morgan, with the Louisiana, and de- 
tachijients of New Orleans and Kentucky militia. The 
works on the left bank, covering the main body, were oc- 
cupied by General Jackson himself, with the Tennessee 
forces, under Generals Coffee and Carrol ; also a part 
of the Kentucky and New Orleans militia ; the 7th and 
44th regiments of United States infantry, with a corps 
of active sailors and marines. 

Early on the morning of the 8th of January, the Bri- 
13 



146 TREATY OF GHENT. 

tish columns moved forward simultaneously against the 
rig-ht and left of the American batteries. The American 
artillery opened a tremendous fire at the distance of 900 
yards, and mowed them down with terrible slaughter : 
at length they came within reach of the American small 
arms, when there was exhibited on the side of the as- 
sailants, rather an extensive scene of carnage, than a 
battle in which one party was enabled to return with 
something like an equivalent effect, the shot poured 
against them by the other. The columns broke and re- 
treated in some confusion. Twice were they rallied by 
their officers, and they returned the third time to the 
charge. The efforts of the British officers succeeded 
.only in leading their veteran soldiers to destruction. 
The men shrunk from a contest in which they saw no- 
thing but immediate slaughter. The columns finally 
broke and retreated in confusion. The loss of the Bri- 
tish on this memorable day was seven hundred killed, 
fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred captured. 
That of the Americans on the left bank of the Mississppi, 
was no more than six killed and nine wounded ; on both 
banks it was thirteen killed, thirty-nine wounded, and 
nineteen missing. The invaders had to regret the 
death of many experienced and gallant officers. Gene- 
ral Packenham, their commander-in-chief, was killed 
while rallying his troops to the second charge, and 
General Gibbs, his successor in the command, fell mor- 
tally wounded in the third charge. 

The defeat of the British before Plattsburg having 
given a new turn to the negotiation then pending at 
Ghent, a treaty of peace was signed at that place, on the 
24th of December, 1814, ratified by the Prince Regent of 
England on the 28th, and by the President of the Uni- 
ted States, with the approbation of the Senate, on the 
17th of February, 1815. 

Both governments agreed to restore their respective 
conquests, to appoint commissioners for settling disputed 
boundaries, and pledged themselves to use their utmost 
endeavours towards accomplishing the entire abolition of 
the slave trade ; but no allusion was made to the cause 
of the war. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

The United States since the War of 1812. 

Immediately after the ratification of peace with Eng^ 
land, the government resolved to chastise the insolenc 
of Algiers, which had taken advantage of the Englis 
war to prey on American commerce. A squadron w?. 
accordingly despatched, under Commodore Decatur ; 
who, after capturing a frigate and a sloop of war, com- 
pelled the Dey to sign a treaty, renouncing, for ever, the 
practice of holding American prisoners in slavery. 

In 1816, the term of office, to which Mr. Madison was 
elected, being about to expire, James Monroe was elect- 
ed to succeed him, and entered on the duties of his 
office on the 4th day of March, 1817. 

During his administration, the Seminoles, and other 
Florida Indians, again commenced hostilities. Insti- 
gated by the English, and unrestrained by the Spanish 
authorities of Florida, they murdered the unprotected, 
not even sparing the women or children. Generals 
Gaines and Jackson were sent against them, who soon 
succeeded in capturing two chiefs, the principal insti- 
gators of the war, and two British emissaries. The In- 
dians and one of the Englishmen, after a trial by a court 
martial, were hung; the other Englishman was shot. 
This put a stop to any further aggressions on the part 
of the Indians. The Spanish authorities of Pensacola 
having aided the Indians in their hostilities, Jackson 
entered the town, took Fort Barrancas, near it, shipped 
the Spaniards to Havanna, and took formal possession 
of West Florida. In February 1819, a treaty was made 
with Spain, and ratified by the king in 1821, by which 
the Floridas, both East and West, were ceded to the 
United States. 

In 1824, a treaty was made with Russia, fixing the 
north-west boundary of the territories of the two coun- 
tries at the line of fifty-four degrees and forty m.inutes 

(147) 



148 LA Fayette's visit. 

of north latitude ; and another with England for the sup- 
pression of the African slave trade. This year was 
further distinguished by the visit of La Fayette to Ame- 
rica. He arrived at New York on the 13th of August, 
and visited, during the ensuing twelve months, all the 
states of the Union. In this journey of upwards of five 
thousand miles, he was everywhere received with ex- 
traordinary marks of respect and attention, such as it 
became a great nation to show to one who was, in a 
great measure, instrumental in raising it to a high rank 
among the nations of the earth. Congress being in ses- 
sion when he arrived at Washington, voted him the sum 
of two hundred thousand dollars, and a township of land, 
six miles square. He left this country on the 7th of 
September, 1825, in a new American frigate, the Bran- 
dywine, fitted out for his accommodation, in which he 
sailed to France. 

In 1824, in consequence of four candidates being pror- 
posed for the office of president, no one of them received 
a majority of the whole number of electoral votes, and 
the choice devolved on the House of Representatives. 
They chose John Quincy Adam-s, who entered on the 
discharge of the duties of his office on the 4th of March, 
182.5. 

In the first two years of his administration, treaties 
were concluded with the Creeks, the Kansas, and the 
Osages, by which these tribes ceded all their lands, 
v/i thin the boundaries of Georgia, Missouri, and Arkan- 
sas, to the United States, receiving in exchange for them 
the same quantity of land west of the Mississippi, or 
their full value in money. 

On the 4th of July, 1826, just half a century after the 
Declaration of Independence, two of the ex-presidents 
of the United States, John Adams and Thomas Jefterson, 
died at their residences, the one at Quincy, and the 
other at Monticello. 

In 1828, a Tariff Bill was enacted by Congress, which 
produced the most violent commotion in the Southern 
states, and threatened, for a time, the dissolution of the 
Union. 



BlACK ttAWk War. 149 

At the election^ in the autumn of 1828, General 
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, was chosen to succeed 
Mr. Adams. He was inaugurated in the following 
spring ; John C. Calhoun at the same time taking his 
seat as Vice President. 

In 1832, the Tariff of 1828 was modified somewhat, 
by lowering the duties on some articles; but this was far 
from meeting the wishes of the South. A convention 
in the state of South Carolina, even went so far as to 
declare both these acts null and void, and not binding on 
citizens of that state ; and to threaten that if the United 
States should attempt to enforce them, the Union should 
be dissolved, and a convention called to adopt a form of 
government for South Carolina, as an independent nation. 
The legislature of that state, soon after passed acts autho- 
rizing the governor to provide the means to repel force by 
force. Jackson met this warlike disposition of the 
South bravely, and in a proclamation, issued in Decem- 
ber, argued the matter with them, and declared that he 
should not hesitate to bring them back to their duty, by 
force, if force was necessary. These difficulties were 
finally overcome, by the introduction and passage of the 
Compromise Bill in 1833. 

In 1832, a war broke out with the savages on the 
north-western frontier of the United States, and General 
Atkinson was despatched by the United States govern- 
ment to compel them to submission. On the 1st of 
August, 1833, an action took place at the Bad Axe River, 
in which the Indians were defeated. Another action 
soon after took place, in which the Indians fought with 
desperation, maintaining a very unequal contest for 
three hours, when half of their number being killed, the 
remainder saved themselves by flight; Black Hawk, their 
chief, flying with them. He was, however, soon after 
taken, and kept as a hostage until treaties were made 
with the Sacs, the Foxes, and the Winnebagoes, when 
he was liberated, and retired to his own town on the 
Mississippi. 

A bill having passed both houses of Congress for the 
re-chartering of the United States Bank, was vetoed by 
13* 



150 



FLORIDA WAR. 




Black Hawk. 



the President, and in 1833, the government deposites 
were withdrawn from that institution, and placed in 
local banks. 

In 1834, the French Chamber of Deputies refused to 
indemnify the United States for losses sustained by 
them, in consequence of the Berlin and Milan decrees; 
but the President taking a warlike attitude, the money 
was ordered to be paid. During the year 1835, the 
whole debt of the United States was paid off. 

In 1835, a war broke out between the United States 
and the Seminole Indians of Florida ; and in December, 
Major Dade was sent against the Indians with two com- 
panies of the United States army. On the 23d of that 
month, he was suddenly attacked by a large body of In- 



THE CANADIAN REBELLION. 151 

dians, and himself, with his whole command, were killed, 
with the exception of three men, who escaped by feign- 
ing death until the enemy retired, when they made the 
best of their way to the nearest settlement. This war 
was continued by skirmishes during the year 1886. In 
March, Osceola, the war-chief, demanded a parley, but 
it was broken up without concluding anything to the 
satisfaction of either party. During the winter of 1836, 
Congress recognised the independence of Texas, 

In 1836, Martin Van Buren of New York, was elected 
to succeed General Jackson; he was inaugurated on 
the 4th of March, 1837. 

During his administration the effects resulting from 
Jackson's veto of the Bank Bill were felt throughout 
the country. The other banks, in consequence of the 
run that was made upon them, found it necessary to stop 
specie payments. Distress spread like a pestilence 
through every portion of society ; all business was at a 
stand, and nothing but ruin was anticipated. This evil 
was mitigated in some measure, by the passage of a bill 
by Congress authorizing the issue of treasury notes. 

In December, 1836, the Canadian rebellion broke out, 
and an American steamboat was taken, by order of the 
commander of the Canadian militia, set on fire, and 
then suffered to drift, in flames, down the Falls of Ni- 
agara. Notwithstanding the excitement produced by 
this affair, the President and Congress succeeded in 
their endeavors to preserve the neutrality of the United 
States. The affair of the steamboat was soon after 
settled between the secretary of state and Mr. Fox, the 
British minister, at Washington. 

In 1838, the banks generally, throughout the United 
States, resumed specie payments, credit revived, and 
the prospects of trade, towards the end of the year, 
were encouraging. On the 25th of April a convention 
was concluded at Washington, for fixing the bounda- 
ries of the United States and Texas. Treaties were 
also, during this year, concluded with the Peru Bolivian 
confederation, and with the king of Greece. 

The boundary between the state of Maine and Lower 



152 HARRISON — TYLER. 

Canada being undefined, led to frequent collisions be- 
tween the governments of the two countries. The dis- 
pute was taken up by the secretary of state and the 
British minister, and finally, commissioners were ap- 
pointed, in 1839, by both governments, to explore and 
survey the debated territory, in anticipation of the final 
settlement of the north-eastern boundary. During this 
year, treaties of commerce were made with the king of 
Sardinia, and the king of the Netherlands. The census 
of 1840, showed the population to be seventeen millions, 
having doubled in twenty-three years. 

In the fall of 1840, the election for president again 
took place, Martin Van Buren and General William 
Henry Harrison being the candidates. General Harri- 
son, of Ohio, was chosen by a very large majority. At 
the same time, John Tyler, of Virginia, was elected to 
the vice presidency. They were inaugurated on the 4th 
of March, 1841. 

The official acts of Harrison were very few. In his 
inaugural address, he explained to Congress his views 
of the principles of American government, and expressed 
to them his determination to carry his just views into 
effect. This, however, he was destined never to have 
the opportunity to put into practice; for, on the morning 
of the 4th of April, just one month after his inauguration, 
and before he had sent a single message to Congress, he 
paid the debt of nature, and expired at Washington, in 
the sixty-ninth year of his age. He was buried on the 
7th, with all the ceremony and honours due to his high 
rank and exalted character. His death spread the 
greatest grief throughout every part of the Union ; a 
national fast was proclaimed, and the attachment, con- 
fidence, and respect of the people, were testified by 
every appearance of public and heartfelt grief 

Accord insf to the constitution, John Tyler now be- 
came President of the United States, and Mr. Southard, 
who had been elected President of the Senate, pro tem- 
pore, became Vice President. The cabinet, chosen by 
General Harrison, was continued in office until the pre- 
sident twice laid his veto upon bills for the establish- 



NORTH-EASTERN BOUNDARY. 153 

ment of a National Bank, when they all resigned, with 
the exception of Mr. Webster, the Secretary of State. 

During- the year 1841, Congress passed a law for the 
distribution of the proceeds of the public lands. The 
old question, respecting the " right of search," claimed 
by Great Britain, was again brought up in Congress. 
The United States protested against the practice, and it 
soon became, again, a subject of complaint and negotia- 
tion between the two governments. A bill for the ex- 
tension of the compromise act, and a new tariff bill, 
were both defeated by the veto of the president. In 
September, however, a modified tariff bill was passed, 
to which he consented. 

In April, 1842, Lord Ashburton arrived in the United 
States, with full powers, as a special ambassador, from 
Great Britain, to effect a pacific adjustment of all diffe- 
rences between the two governments. He was met by 
Mr. Webster, on the part of the United States, and a 
treaty was concluded between them, fixing the north- 
eastern boundary line by a minute geographical descrip- 
tion of the country through which it passes. It also 
stipulated that both powers should use their utmost en- 
deavors to put an end to the African slave trade. This 
treaty was signed by the plenipotentiaries on the 9th, 
and ratified by the Senate on the 20th of August. 

In the meantime, strenuous efforts were being made 
by a party in the Union to bring about the annexa- 
tion of Texas. That large and fertile State had, un- 
til a recent period, been considered as a part of 
Mexico. No attempt was made to settle it by any 
European power for more than a century after the 
conquest of Cortes. In 1685, La Salle, a famous 
French adventurer, having been carried to the coast, 
built a fort and took possession of the territory in 
the name of France. But he was killed shortly after- 
wards, and his colony broken up.. Ever afterwards, 
however, France claimed Texas as a part of Lou- 
isiana. 

In the years 1G90-2 some Spanish missions were 
founded along the coast. Among them was one upon 



154 EARLY HISTORY OF TEXAS. 

the site of the present town of San Antonio de Bexar 
In 1763, Louisiana, including Texas, was ceded t*" 
Spain ; but in 1800, France again got possession of 
the territory. This frequent change of masters^ 
raised questions of boundary, which were afterwards 
the source of much trouble and bloodshed. 

The fertile plains of Texas soon became the home 
of a busy population. When Mexico began her 
struggle for independence, this gallant State took an 
active part in the contest, and contributed materially 
to the triumph of the patriots. Iler sons were ever 
present in the fight ; and their sufferings and sacri- 
fices were worthy of that best of causes — national 
independence. During this contest, a large number 
of brave spirits from the United States came to Texas. 
They aided in achieving the brilliant victories of 
Goliad, Bexar, and Medina, and made themselves 
conspicuous wherever danger was to be encoun- 
tered. 

After Mexico had achieved her independence, emi- 
grants from the United States flocked to Texas. At 
the head of these bold and hardy pioneers was Mr. 
Samuel Austin, after whom the present capital is 
named. In 1824, the territory was united to Coa- 
huila, and both formed one State of the Mexican 
confederacy. After this, the population increased 
very rapidly. The Mexican government became 
alarmed, and to check immigration, adopted some 
measures restricting the privilege of foreign emigrants. 
The policy of the authorities then became extremely 
arbitrary, and the people were at length, in 1832, ex- 
cited to revolt. During the movement, Colonel 
Bradburn, commandant of the military post of Ana- 
huac, was driven from the country. 

In August, 1833, Mr. Austin visited the city of 
Mexico, and presented a petition to the general go- 
vernment, asking the separation of Texas and Coa- 
huila. The government delayed giving a decisive 
reply ; and, at length, Mr. Austin, wearied out of 
patience, wrote to the Texans to assume the responsi- 



THE TEXAN REVOLUTION. 155 

bility of organizing a State government. For this 
bold counsel he was sent to prison. The Texans 
■were thrown into a ferment. Anarchy seemed 
about to take the place of regular government.^ At 
length, Mr. Austin was released from imprison- 
ment. About the time of his return home, intelli- 
gence was received of the adoption of the " Plan 
of Toluco," under the influence of General Santa 
Anna, substituting a strong central for the federal 
government. The free spirit of the Texans was now 
manifested. They refused their assent to a change 
in the government, denounced Santa Anna as a tyrant 
and usurper, and declared their determination to ad- 
here to the constitution of 1824. A central, commit- 
tee of safety was organized, Mr. Austin being chair- 
man, and a thorough military organization was 
recommended. (Sept. 1835.) 

Santa Anna took prompt measures to suppress the 
spirit of revolt. In September, General Cos, with 
a considerable army, marched to San Antonio de 
Bexar. From that place, he sent two hundred men 
to Gonzales to sieze some cannon. On the 2d of Oc- 
tober, this detachment was attacked by one hundred 
and sixty-eight Texans and totally routed. Soon 
afterwards. Captain Collinsworth, with fifty men, 
followed up this success by capturing Goliad, with its 
artillery and stores. 

The brave Texans now began to take the field un- 
der daring leaders. On the 20th of October, Austin, 
with three hundred men, took a position within five 
miles of San Antonio de Bexar, then in possession 
of the Mexicans. On the 27th, a detachment of this 
force, commanded by Colonel Bowie, defeated a large 
body of Mexicans. Bexar was besieged in due form, 
until the 5th of December, when the brave Milam, 
with three hundred men, assaulted the works. For 
six days afterwards the conflict was maintained with 
remarkable obstinacy. At the expiration of that 
time, General Cos agreed to capitulate. Thus termi- 
nated the first invasion of Texas by the Mexicans. 



156 SIEGE OF THE ALAMO. 

The gallant defenders of the soil were entitled to the 
warmest meed of praise. 

Austin having been sent as commissioner to the 
United States, General Houston, a bold, active, and 
skillful leader, succeeded him as commander-in-chief 
of the Texan forces. The fiercest struggle was yet 
to come. On the first of February, 1836, General 
Santa Anna marched from Saltillo towards the Rio 
Grande with eight thousand men, and a large train 
of artillery and stores. 

On the 23d he appeared before San Antonio de 
Bexar. The garrison consisted of only one hundred 
and fifty men, under the command of William B. 
Trevis. These gallant men retired to the fortress of 
the Alamo, and called upon the government for rein- 
forcements. None arrived to succor them. They 
were besieged by four thousand men, under the com- 
mand of Santa Anna. But they were determined to 
perish rather than surrender, and for two weeks they 
sustained themselves against the efibrts of the enemy, 
with a resolution almost unparalleled in the annals 
of war. On the 6th of March, the works were carried 
by assault, and the whole garrison, except a woman 
and a negro, butchered. These men were as gallant 
spirits as ever drew a weapon, and they died with the 
same noble resolution that conferred immortality 
upon the Greek Leonidas and his followers. The 
dead bodies were mutilated and burned. The loss 
of the Mexicans during this famous siege is vari- 
ously estimated at from one thousand to fifteen hun- 
dred men. 

On the 2d of March, a convention of Texan dele- 
gates published a declaration of independence. On 
the 17th a national republican constitution was 
adopted. David G. Burnet was chosen provisional 
President. This was the commencement of the na- 
tional existence. 

In the meantime, the Mexicans had committed a 
number of outrages, which awakened indignation 
in the United States as well as Texas. During the 



BATTLE OF SAN JACINTO. 157 

siege of the Alamo, General Urrea, with a Mexican 
division, marching along the coast, captured two 
parties of Texans, under Colonel Johnson and Cap- 
tain King. Johnson and a few others escaped. The 
rest were shot. Another party, commanded by Colo- 
nel Ward, was obliged to surrender. The garrison 
of Goliad, under Colonel Fannin, was surrounded 
and captured on promise of being treated as prisoners 
of war. But this party and Ward's detachment, 
numbering in all four hundred men, were summarily 
shot. These outrages only served to increase the ex- 
asperation of the Texans, and render them more de- 
termined than ever to achieve their independence. 

Volunteers from the United States now arrived in 
considerable nunjbers. General Houston having eight 
hundred men under his command, determined to 
assume the offensive. On the 21st of April, he en- 
countered Santa Anna with sixteen hundred men, 
at a ford of the San Jacinto. The battle commenced 
in the afternoon. The Texan cavalry charged furi- 
ously, shouting, " Remember the Alamo!'' The onset 
was irresistible. In fifteen minutes the Mexicans 
were totally routed, and their camp captured. Six 
hundred and thirty of them were slain, two hundred 
and eight wounded, and seven hundred and thirty 
made prisoners. General Santa Anna, himself, was 
wounded and captured. The Texan losa was but 
eight killed and seventeen wounded. This was one 
of the most splendid achievements recorded in Ame- 
rican history. 

The victory was decisive. Santa Anna concluded 
an armistice with General Houston, by the terms of 
■which the Mexican forces, then in Texas, were 
allowed to depart. Soon after, Santa Anna signed a 
secret treaty with President Burnet, recognizing the 
independence of Texas, and establishing the Eio 
Grande as a boundary. 

Early in September, the new government of Texas 
went into operation. General Houston was elected 
President, and Mirabeau B. Lamar, Vice President. 
14 



158 ANNEXATION EFFORTS OF TEXAS. 

The people expressed a desire to be admitted into the 
American Union, with which most of them w^ere 
connected by birth and interest. A minister was 
appointed to negotiate at Washington for that pur- 
pose. On the 3d of March, 1837, the United States 
recognized the independence of Texas ; but no ac- 
tion was taken upon the proposal for annexation. 

In the meantime, the Mexican Congress had dis- 
avowed the treaty signed by Santa Anna, and that 
personage also disavowed it as soon as restored to 
liberty. Hostilities w^ere then renewed. A system 
of harassing and destructive warfare was carried on 
upon the border. In expeditions against Mier and 
Santa Fe, the Texan parties were captured, marched 
into Mexico, and subjected to the most hon-ible cru- 
elty. Among foreign nations, however, Texas vras 
generally recognized as a sovereign nation, in spite 
of the obstinacy of the Mexican government in claim- 
ing the territory. 

Annexation to the United States continued to be a 
cherished idea among the Texan people. Attempts 
were made from time to time to bring about the de- 
sired consummation. At length, on the 12th of 
April, 1844, a treaty of annexation was concluded by 
Mr. Calhoun, President Tyler's Secretary of State, 
and Messrs. Van Zandt and Henderson, on the part 
of Texas. On being submitted to the Senate by Pre- 
sident Tyler, the treaty was rejected by a vote of 16 
ayes to 35 noes. 

Immediately after the rejection of the treaty, Sena- 
tor Benton introduced a bill for the annexation of 
Texas, the consent of Mexico being a precedent condi- 
tion, and made an able speech in its favor. No action 
of importance was taken upon this bill. The cause 
of annexation received additional strength by being 
approved by the national convention of the demo- 
cratic party ; and after the election in the fall of 
1844, which resulted in the triumph of the democra- 
tic candidates, the matter was considered as nearly 
settled. On the 25th of January, 1845, joint resolu- 



ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 



159 



tlons for annexing Texas to the United States passed the 
House of Representatives ; and on the 1st of March, 
the same passed the Senate, and were approved by 
the President, Mr. Tyler. 

Thus was this great act of annexation consum- 
mated. The credit of obtaining this splendid acqui- 
sition to the Union belongs to the administration of 
President Tyler, while the strenuous efforts of Ge^ieral 
Houston in the same direction cannot fail to receive 
their share of praise. Nor should we omit to notice 
in this connection the earnest and patriotic services 
of Anson Jones, the gentleman who filled the su- 
preme executive office of the republic at the time of 
the annexation. Much of the success of this auspi- 
cious measure is due to his active co-operation with 
the government of the United States on this occasion. 
Texas now shone as one of the brightest stars in the 
constellation of the Union, and a brilliant career was 
opened for her to run. Her infancy had been that 
of a Hercules, so to speak, and her maturity could not 
but be glorious. 





Battle of Resaca de la Palma. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



War between the United Slates and Mexico. 

The annexation of Texas led to a war between the 
United States and Mexico. The latter refused to 
recognise the independence of Texas, and as soon as 
the act of annexation was consummated, her minis- 
ter withdrew from Washington. 

In the meantime, General Zacharj Taylor, with a 
small but very efficient army of regular troops, had 
been ordered to take position, first at Corpus Christi, 
upon the Rio Neuces, and then upon the Rio Grande, 
which was claimed as the western boundary of Texas, 
and to repel all attempts of Mexican troops t<f invade 
the territory. General Taylor reached the Rio Grande 
on the 28th of March, 1846. General Ampudia, with 
a large force of Mexicans, was at Matamoras, on the 
opposite side of the river. Communications between 
(160) 



COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES. 161 

the two commanders were immediately opened, but 
with no satisfactory result. A fort was erected oppo- 
site Matamoras by General Taylor, and Point Isabel, 
at the mouth of the river, was seized. In the mean- 
time, parties of Mexicans had crossed the river and 
waylaid and murdered several distinguished officers 
of General Taylor's army. 

On the 10th of April, Colonel Cross, quarter-mas- 
ter-general of the army of occupation, was murdered 
by a band of outlaws, while riding from camp, to 
take his customary exercise. Ilis body was not 
recovered until the 21st. Meanwhile, Lieutenant 
Porter and three others, who, with a small party, 
had been sent out to reconnoitre, were waylaid and 
killed. 

On the 26th, General Taylor received information 
that the Mexicans were crossing the river, both -above 
and below the fort. In order to be satisfied of the 
correctness of this report, he despatched Captain 
Ker with a small party, to the landing below, and 
Captain Thornton to that above. The former soon 
returned without seeing an enemy. Thornton's party 
fell into an ambush, was completely surrounded, and 
soon after separated into two portions. The cap- 
tain's horse, being severely wounded, leaped the cha 
parral fence which enclosed him, and ran at full 
speed toward the American camp. Both, however, 
were captured, and taken into Matamoras. Mean 
while, the party commanded by Captain Hardee, 
after fighting with great bravery, was overpowered 
by numbers, and induced to surrender, on a promise 
of good treatment. Soon after these accidents, the 
Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande in large numbers, 
and spread tliemselves between General Taylor's 
camp and that of Major Monroe, thus cutting ofi" the 
communication between them. 

On ascertaining the danger of his main depot, Ge- 
neral Taylor resolved on marching immediately to its 
relief. With the greater part of his army, he left 
nis camp on the 1st of May, and arrived at Point 
14* 



iiilili'iiii.di: 



is 




ii 

I ill " 



1 1 



'«iyiiiiiiiiiafj|f|t![i}ii', 




FORT BROWN BOMBARDED. * 16,- 

Isabel on the evening of the 2d, having met with no 
opposition from the Mexicans. A regiment of in 
fantry, and two companies of artillery, were left at 
the river fort, under the command of Major Jacob 
Brown. 

Intelligence of the hostile operations of the Mexi- 
cans having been transmitted to the seat of govern- 
ment, the facts were formally announced to Congress 
by a message of the. President, on the 11th of May, 
1846. On the 13th, Congress passed an act declaring 
the existence of war between the two republics, em- 
powering the President to accept the services of fifty 
thousand volunteers, and appropriating ten millions 
of dollars to defray the expenses. Thus authorized, 
the Executive issued a proclamation, invoking the aid 
of the nation in carrying on the war. 

IMajor Brown had been left in command of the 
fort opposite Matamoras, when General Taylor 
marched to Point Isabel. On the 3d of May, the 
Mexicans opened their batteries upon the fort. Theii 
fire was returned with effect, but the bombardment 
continued. Major Brown was killed by the bursting 
of a shell, and the command devolved on Captivin 
Hawkins. Six thousand Mexicans, under the com 
mand of General Arista, now crossed the Rio Grande 
and took up a position between Point Isabel and the 
fort. General Taylor determined to relieve the garri- 
son if possible. 

He marched for the fort, May 7. After ad- 
vancing about seven miles, the army bivouacked on 
the open plain, and resumed its march on the fol- 
lovring morning. At noon, the advance reached 
the watering-place of Palo Alto, near which the 
Mexican army was drawn up across the road, in 
order of battle. Here General Taylor halted, in 
order to afford his troops an opportunity to refresh 
themselves with cold water, preparatory to forming 
the line. The Mexican army was plainly visible 
across the prairie — their left composed of a heavy 
cavalry force, occupying the road, resting upon a 



164 BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 

thicket of chaparral, %yhile masses of infantry, 
greatly out-numbering the American forces, were od 
the right. 

At two o'clock the Americans moved forward by 
heads of columns, their eighteen-pound battery fol- 
lowing the road. At the same time Lieutenant Blakp 
and another officer made a close and daring recon 
noissance of the enemy's line, which resulted in the 
discovery of several batteries of artillery in the inter 
vals of their infantry and cavalry-. These guns soon 
opened upon the American line, and were answered 
by all General Taylor's artillery. As the Mexican 
fire did little execution, their cavalry endeavoured to 
pass round some neighbouring chaparral, in order to 
out-flank the American right ; but this movement was 
defeated by the active exertions of Captain Walker's 
volunteers, aided by some artillery under Captain 
Ridgely. So violent was the cannonading on both 
sides, that the grass of the prairie was fired, the 
smoke from which hid the armies from each other, 
and caused a suspension of hostilities for nearly an 
hour. This interval gave opportunity to each gene- 
ral to form a new line of battle, so that when the 
atmosphere became clear the action was resumed 
with increased vigour. The slaughter among the 
dense masses of cavalry was very great ; while, on 
the other hand. Major Ringgold, chief artillerist of 
the Americans, was mortally wounded, and several 
of the infantry killed. The firing continued with but 
little intermission until dark, when the Mexicans 
withdrew into the neighbouring chaparral. The 
whole engagement had been one of artillery ; for, al- 
though the enemy's cavalry made several attempts 
upon the American flank, they were in no instance 
near enough to rit^k a charge ; and the discharge of 
small arms towards the close of the action was of but 
short continuance and of little eflfect. The loss of the 
Americans was nine killed, and forty-six wounded 
and missing. The total force was nearly twenty-nine 
hundred; that of the Mexicans about six thousand. 






ii-xrA'^^^^V'^ , 




1G6 BATTLE OF RESACA DE LA PALMA. 

Both armies encamped for the night on or around the 
battle-field. 

On the morning of the 9th, the Mexicans were dis 
covered moving by their left flank so as to gain a 
new position on the road to Matamoras, and there 
again resist the advances of the Americans. Gene 
ral Taylor immediately prepared for battle, by order- 
ing his supply train packed, and leaving with it four 
pieces of artillery, and sending his wounded to Point 
Isabel. Then halting his columns at the edge of the 
chaparral which extends several miles towards the 
Rio Grande, he threw forward some light troops and 
infantry, under Captain McCall, to reconnoitre the 
thickets, and report in case of meeting an enemy. 
The captain soon came upon small bodies of infantry 
posted in the chaparral, who immediately opened upon 
him with musketry ; and, in endeavouring to ad 
vance, he found himself in front of a large portion 
of the Mexican army. This being reported to Gene 
ral Taylor, he ordered forward successive portions of 
his army, who, immediately closing with the Mexi 
can forces, soon brought on a general engagement. 
The enemy being securely posted in almost impene 
trable thickets, and having their batteries planted in 
a ravine which crossed and commanded the road, 
fought with an obstinacy rare among Mexican troops, 
and yielded their ground only when driven inch by 
inch with the bayonet. Their artillery continued to 
pour an incessant shower of grape and canister shoi 
into the American ranks. As the result of the bat 
tie depended upon the possession of these guns, Cap 
tain May was ordered to charge the batteries with 
his squadron of dragoons, which he did in gallanl 
style, sweeping the artillerists from their posts, and 
driving back the supporting infimtry. Several of the 
cavalry were killed, while La Vega, a Mexican gene 
ral, was taken prisoner. Soon after the eighth infan 
try arrived to May's assistance, and succeeded ir 
securing the guns and driving the Mexicans from thf 
left of the road. The enemy were finally repulsed 



CAPTURE OF MATAMOKAS. 167 

at every point; and, leaving their camp and baggage, 
they fled precipitately towards the river. Being hotly 
pursued, numbers were killed in the flight, and many 
more drowned in attempting to cross the Rio Grande. 
The approach of General Taylor's army was hailed 
by the garrison at little Fort Brown with the most 
enthusiastic applause, and the eighteen-pounders 
within the fort were opened upon the flying enemy. 
After providing for his wounded. General Taylor bi- 
vouacked near the river bank, within view of Mata- 
moras and the garrison under Captain Hawkins. 

The marching force of the Americans on this day 
was rather more than twenty-two hundred, but the 
number actually engaged in the battle appears to 
have been no greater than seventeen hundred. The 
Mexican force probably numbered six thousand men, 
as they had been reinforced during the night by 
bodies of infantry and cavalry. General Taylor's 
loss was thirty-nine killed, including three officers, 
and eighty-three wounded. The loss of the Mexi- 
cans in both battles is estimated by General Taylor 
at one thousand men. 

On the 11th of May, an exchange of prisoners took 
place, and Captain Thornton and his party rejoined 
their comrades in arms. On the 18th of May, Gene- 
ral Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took posses- 
sion of Matamoras, the Mexican army retiring upon 
his approach. The American general, though victo- 
rious, was not in a condition to advance into the inte- 
rior of Mexico. He was compelled to wait for troops, 
supplies, and means of transportation. In the mean- 
time, Captain M'Culloch, with a band of Texan 
rangers, seized the Mexican ports of Reynosa, Ca- 
margo, and Mier. 

By the latter part of June, General Taylor's army 
had increased to nearly six thousand men, mostly 
volunteers. Supplies were still deficient. 

It was not until the 5th of August, nearly three 
months after the battle of Resaca de la Palma, that 
General Taylor was able to take up his line of inarch 



1G8 



MARCH TO SERALVO. 




A Texan Kanger. 

from Matamoras for Camargo. On arriving at that 
place, General Worth was detached to San Juan, 
while Captain Wall occupied Reynosa, and General 
Twiggs had been left in command of Matamoras. 
Towards the end of August, General Worth was or- 
dered to advance to Seralvo, and there to await fur- 
ther orders. From this port he sent advices to Gene- 
ral Taylor on the 5th of September, that Monterey 
had just been reinforced by the arrival of three thou- 
sand men under General Ampudia, thus increasing 
the garrison to eleven thousand. This information 
determined General Taylor to advance immediately 
and attack Monterey. He accordingly took up his 



SIEGE OF MONTEREY. 169 

line of march towards Serai vo on the 7th, leaying 
General Patterson in command of all the forces sta- 
tioned between Camargo and Matamoras. 

Disencumbering his troops of all unnecessary bag- 
gage, and sending forward his supplies on pack-mules 
to Seralvo, Taylor now hastened eagerly on. On his 
arrival at Seralvo, instead of waiting for further rein- 
forcements or fresh orders, before attacking so formi- 
dable a fort with so light a force, he pushed forward 
for Monterey with his main body, consisting of but 
little more than six thousand men. 

The character and extent of the work the Ameri- 
cans had before them may be inferred from a short 
sketch of Monterey : — The town is seated in a beauti- 
ful valley, bosomed among lofty and imposing moun- 
tains on the north, east, and south, and open to a 
plain on the west, fortified with thick -stone walls in 
the old Spanish fashion of another century, with 
all the apparatus of ditches, and lowering upon them 
with deep-mouthed cannon. From their elevated 
position the Americans could see in part what they 
had already learned from spies and deserters, that the 
flat-roofed stone houses of the city itself had been 
converted into fortifications. Every street was barri- 
caded, and every house-top was bristling with mus- 
ketry. On one side the Americans could see the 
Bishop's Palace, a strong fort well garrisoned ; on 
the other, redoubts well manned ; and in the rear of 
all, a river. 

The attack on Monterey began on the 20th of Sep- 
tember. The Americans were divided into two co- 
lumns ; one, under the command of General Taylor, 
designed to attack the front of the town, and the 
other, under General Worth, to attack the Bishop's 
Palace and the other strong works in that quarter. 
The siege lasted three days, and was characterized 
by the display of the most undaunted bravery on the 
part of the American soldiers, and the most consum- 
mate skill on the part of the commanding general. 
One by one the various posts, deemed impregnable, 
15 



ARMISTICE ARRANGED. 171 

fell into the hands of the besiegers, and they even 
attained strong positions in the city before the Mexi- 
can generals capitulated. 

The loss of the Americans was twelve officers, and 
one hundred and eight men killed, and thirty-one 
officers and three hundred and thirty-seven wounded. 
The loss of the Mexicans is unknown. 

By the terms of the capitulation, the Mexican 
forces were allowed to retain their arms, and were 
to retire, within seven days from the capitulation, be- 
yond a line formed by the pass of the Kiconada, the 
city of Linares, and San Fernando de Parras. The 
forces under General Taylor were not to advance be- 
yond that line before the expiration of eight weeks, 
or until orders were received from the respective go- 
vernments. • 

General Taylor now established his head-quarters 
at Monterey. General Worth occupied Saltillo, and 
General Wool took possession of Parras. The go- 
vernment of the United States did not approve of the 
armistice agreed upon by the commanders of the hos- 
tile armies ; and ordered General Taylor to put an 
end to it. But no movement of importance could 
be made till some time after the expiration of the 
term. 

In the meantime, General Paredes had been de- 
posed at the Mexican capital, and the energetic Santa 
Anna had been raised to a military dictatorship. He 
soon raised an army of twenty thousand men, and 
advanced towards General Taylor as far as San Luis 
Potosi. After awaiting the arrival of this powerful 
army for some time, General Taylor determined to 
move forward and meet them on their own ground. 

On the 30th of December, he received a requisition 
from General Scott, commander-in-chief of the army 
of the United States, for all the regular troops under 
his command. He was also recommended to act on 
the defensive. The general delivered a feeling ad- 
dress on parting with the flower of his army. 

By February, 1847, the army at Monterey had 



172 BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. 

been increased to about six thousand men. General 
Taylor did not see proper to stand a siege at thai 
strong post, and thus lay open the lower country tr 
Santa Anna. He advanced to Agua Nueva, with thr 
greater part of his force, and on receiving intelligence 
of the approach of the enemy, took up a strong posi 
tion at the pass of Angostura, in front of the villagr 
of Buena Vista. 

On the 23d of February, the advance of the Mexi- 
can forces came in sight, and Santa Anna, the com 
manding general, sent General Taylor a summons to 
surrender, which he, of course, declined, although 
Santa Anna informed him that he was surrounded 
by twenty thousand men. The Mexicans then opened 
a fire from a mortar, but without execution ; and 
then made a demonstration on the left of the Ameri- 
cans, pouring a tremendous fire into their ranks. The 
skirmishing was kept up until dark, when General 
Taylor, leaving General Wool in command, returned 
to Saltillo. The troops bivouacked on the field. 

Early on the morning of the 23d, the battle com 
menced by an attempt of the Mexicans to outflank 
the left of the Americans, where the Kentucky rifle 
men were posted. They maintained their position 
against a vastly superior force, and were overwhelmed 
and driven back, with the loss of their guns. The 
Mexicans then poured their masses of infantry and 
cavalry along the base of the mountain on the left, 
and were gaining the rear in great force, when Gene 
ral Taylor arrived on the field, and by his skilful and 
prompt measures, the fortune of the day was turned. 
After a bloody conflict, the Mexicans were driven 
back. Another body of them gained the rear of the 
Americans, and were there cut ojff from the main 
army. A device of Santa Anna, by which he secured 
time enough for them to rejoin him, was all that 
saved them from annihilation. A last and desperate 
attempt was made to force the Americans from their 
position ; and the determined bravery of the Ameri- 
cans, and the vast number of Mexicans, made the 



174 REPULSE OF SANTA ANXA. 

conflict extremely obstinate and bloody. The splen- 
did artillery of the Americans was served with such 
efiect that whole ranks of the enemy were swept by 
it, and at length they fell back. Night put an end 
to the battle. The Americans sank down exhausted 
upon the field, but their untiring general made every 
preparation for an attack the next morning. 

When the morning came, it was found Santa Anna 
had retreated, evidently satisfied with his previous 
efibrts. No pursuit was attempted, it being consi- 
dered enough to have maintained a position against 
such an army. The whole number of Americans en- 
gaged at Buena Vista was three hundred and thirty- 
four officers, and four thousand four hundred and 
twenty-five men, of which number only four hundred 
and fifty-three were regular troops. The strength 
of the Mexican army is set down at fifteen thousand 
infantry, and six thousand cavalry. The loss of the 
Americans was two hundred and sixty-seven killed, 
four hundred and fift^'-six wounded, and twenty-three 
missing. Tho loss of the Mexicans is said, by Santa 
Anna, to have been at least fifteen hundred ; more 
than five hundred of their killed were left upon the 
field of battle. The victory must be attributed, in 
great part, to the artillery of the American army, 
which saved the day at three different times ; but the 
genius of the commanding general was conspicuous 
from the choice of position till the close of the bat- 
tle, and to his coolness and intrepidity, resources and 
skill, which inspired confidence in the men, must be 
allowed a due commendation. 

The subsequent movements of the army under Ge- 
neral Taylor's command were of but little impor- 
tance. Active hostilities were transferred to other 
portions of the Mexican territory. In the spring of 
1847, General Taylor returned to the United States, 
leaving the army under the command of General 
Wool. 

In prosecuting the war against Mexico, it was a 
part of the general plan of the United States govern- 



CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA. 175 

mcnt to gain possession of New Mexico and Upper 
California. About twelve hundred men were raised 
in the western States, chiefly in Missouri, and placed 
under the command of General Stephen Kearney. 
He commenced his march for New Mexico early in 
the summer of 1846, and accomplished the immediate 
object of the expedition without meeting with any 
resistance. He took possession of Santa Fe, the capi- 
tal, issued a proclamation, asserting the authority of 
the United States over the territory ; had a code of 
laws prepared for its government : appointed a go- 
vernor, and then began his march for California. 
On the borders of New Mexico, he received intelli- 
gence that Monterey and all the principal towns of 
California had already been captured by Commodore 
Stockton and Colonel Fremont; whereupon he retained 
but a hundred dragoons, and detached the remaindec 
of his force under Colonel Doniphan, to join General 
Wool at Chihuahua. 

Early in December, General Kearney reached the 
frontier settlement of Upper California. There he 
received information that the Californians had re- 
volted and that a strong body of their cavalry was 
prepared to dispute his progress. On the 3d he met 
them at San Pasqual, and gained a complete victory. 
He then resumed his march, and arrived on the 12th 
at San Diego, on the Pacific coast. 

On the 29th of December Commodore Stockton and 
General Kearney left San Diego, with about six hun- 
dred men. This force marched without any opposi- 
tion, until the 8th of January, when they found the 
Californians, to the number of six hundred mounted 
men, with four pieces of artillery, under the com- 
mand of General Flores, stationed upon the heights 
which commanded the crossing of the river San Ga- 
briel. The necessary dispositions were soon made : 
the American commanders, with their whole force then 
forded the river, carried the heights, and drove the 
enemy from them, after an action of an hour and a 
half. The Americans encamped on the field till the 



v] 







Doniphan's march. 177 

next morning. On the next day, the 9th of January, 
the march was resumed. When the army reached 
the plains of the Mesa, they found the Californians 
again prepared to dispute their progress. The artil 
lery opened upon them in front, and, after hovering 
near and skirmishing for about two hours, the Call 
fornians concentrated their forces and charged the 
left flank of the Americans ; but they were quickly 
repulsed. They then retired, and on the following 
morning the victorious troops, entered the " City of 
the Angels," without opposition. These two battles 
decided the contest, and on the 13th of January, the 
enemy capitulated to Lieutenant-colonel Fremont, 
near San Fernando. Peace being restored. General 
Kearney was appointed to the post of civil and mili- 
tary governor of California, and he issued a procla- 
mation absolving the Californians from their alle- 
giance to Mexico. 

In the meantime. Colonel Doniphan and his volun- 
teers, marched towards Chihuahua, through a barren, 
unknown country. 

On the 24th of December, they reached the Jornada 
lake, into which runs the Bracito river, more than 
twenty miles from the Paso del Norte, of the eastern 
mountain range. Here they were informed that the 
Mexicans, to the number of one thousand, were col- 
lected at the Pass, ready for an attack. The Ameri- 
cans numbered about six hundred, the remainder 
being sick. On the afternoon of the following day, 
(Christmas,) the enemy were seen approaching, and, 
when within eight hundred yards, extended them- 
selves so as to cover the American flank. An officer 
approached, carrying a black flag, and after proclaim- 
ing no quarters, rejoined his column, which imme- 
diately charged at a rapid gallop. The conflict was 
but shori — the Mexicans being defeated with the loss 
of thirty killed, and driven into the mountains. Eight 
were captured, six of whom subsequently died ; and 
their single piece of cannon was also taken. The 
Americans had seven wounded. On the 27th, Doni- 



178 BATTLE OF SACRAMENTO. 

phan entered the town of El Paso, without resist- 
ance, where he was reinforced by Major Clark's 
artillery. 

On the 8th of January, 1847, the whole command 
(nine hundred and twenty-four men) left the Paso 
del Norte, and marched for Chihuahua. On the 28th 
they fought the great battle of Sacramento. This ac- 
tion, with the position itself, is thus described by 
Colonel Doniphan : 

" The Pass of the Sacramento is formed by a point 
of the mountains on our right, (their left,) extending 
into the yalley or plain, so as to narrow the valley to 
about one and a half miles. On our left was a deep 
dry, sandy channel of a creek, and between these 
points the plain rises to sixty feet abruptly. This 
rise is in the form of a crescent, the convex part be- 
ing to the north of our forces. On the right, from the 
point of mountains, a narrow part of the ^plain ex- 
tends north one and a half miles further than on the 
left. The main road passes down the centre of the 
valley, and across the crescent near the left or dry 
branch. The Sacramento rises in the mountains on 
the right, and the road falls on to it about one mile 
below the battle-field or intrenchment of the enemy. 
We ascertained that the enemy had one battery of 
four guns, two nine and six-pounders on the point of 
the mountain, (their left,) at a good elevation to 
sweep the plain ; and at a point where the mountain 
extended furthest into the plain. On our left (their 
right) they had another battery on an elevation com- 
manding the road, and three intrenchments of two 
six-pounders, and on the brow of the crescent near 
the centre, another of six, and two four and six cul- 
verines, or rampart pieces mounted on carriages ; and 
on the crest of the hill, or ascent between the batte- 
ries, and the right and left, they had twenty-seven 
redoubts dug and thrown up, extending at short in 
tervals across the whole ground. In these their infan 
try were placed, and were entirely protected. Their 
cavalry was drawn up in front of the redoubts, four 




^/:"w|^;|>^^lf|fej|:>iiF^- 



180 BATTLE OF SACRAMENTO. 

deep, and in rear of the redoubts, two deep, so as to 
mask them as far as practicable. * - 

" We now commenced the action by a brisk fire 
from our battery, and the enemy unmasked and com- 
menced also. Our fire proved efi'ective at this dis- 
tance, killing fifteen men, wounding and disabling 
one of the enemy's guns. We had two men slightly 
woflnded, and several horses and mules killed. The 
enemy then slowly retreated behind their works in 
some confusion, and we resumed our march in our 
former order, still diverging more to the right to 
avoid their battery on our left, and their strongest 
redoubts which were on the left near where the road 
passes. "^ * ^- The howitzers charged at speed, 
and were gallantly sustained by Captain Reid ; but 
by some misunderstanding my order Avas not given 
to the other two companies, Parsons's and Hudson's. 
Captain Hudson, anticipating my order, charged in 
time to give ample support to the howitzers. Cap- 
tain Parsons at the same moment came to me, and 
asked permission for his company to charge the re- 
doubts immediately to the left of Captain Weight- 
man, which he did very gallantly. 

" The remainder of the two battalions of the first 
regiment were dismounted during the cavalry charge, 
and following rapidly on foot, and Major Clark ad- 
vanced as rapidly as practicable, with the remainder 
of the" battery, we charged their redoubts from right 
to left, with a brisk and deadly fire of riflemen, 
while Major Clark opened a rapid and well-directed 
fire on a column of cavalry, attempting to pass to 
our left so as to attack the wagons and our rear. 
The fire was so well directed as to force them to fall 
back, and our riflemen, with their cavalry and howit- 
zers, cleared it after an obstinate resistance. Our 
forces advanced to the very brink of their redoubts, 
and attacked them with their sabres. AVhen the re- 
doubts were cleared, and the batteries in the centre 
and left were silenced, the main battery on our right 
still continued to pour in .a constant and heavy fire, 



CAPTUEE OF CHIHUAnUA. 181 

as it had done during the heat of the engagement; 
but as the whole fate of the battle depended upon 
carrying the redoubts and centre battery, this one on 
the right remained unattacked, and the enemy had 
rallied there five hundred strong. 

"Major Clark was directed to commence a heavy 
fire upon it, while Lieutenant-Colonels Mitchell and 
Jackson, commanding the first battalion, were ordered 
to remount and charge the battery on the left, while 
Major Gilpin was directed to pass the second bat- 
talion on foot, up the rough ascent of a mountain on 
the opposite side. The fire of our battery was so 
effective as to completely silence theirs, and the rapid 
advance of our column put them to flight over the 
mountains in great confusion, 

" Thus ended the battle of Sacramento. The 
force of the enemy was twelve hundred cavalry from 
Durango and Chihuahua, three hundred artillerists, 
and fourteen hundred and twenty rancheros, badly 
armed with lassoes, lances, and machetoes, or knives, 
ten pieces of artillery, two nine, two eight, four six, 
and two four-pounders, and sis culverines, or ram- 
part pieces. * * -h- -5^ Our force was nine hun- 
dred and twenty-four effective men; at least one hun- 
dred of whom were engaged in holding horses and 
driving teams. The loss of the enemy was his en- 
tire artillery, ten wagons, masses of beans and pinola, 
and other Mexican provisions, about three hundred 
killed, about the same number wounded, many of 
whom have since died, and forty prisoners. The 
field was literally covered with the dead and wounded, 
from our artillery and the unerring fire of our rifle- 
men. Night put a stop to the carnage, the battle 
having commenced about three o'clock. Our loss was 
one killed, one mortally wounded, and seven so 
wounded as to recover without any loss of limbs." 

On the 1st of March Colonel Doniphan took pos- 
session of Chihuahua, where he remained three weeks. 
At the end of this time, having received orders from 
General Wool, he marched, April 25th, for Saltillo, 
16 



182 EOMBARDMEXT OF VERA CRUZ. 

On the road, Captain Reid defeated about fifty In- 
dians near El Passo, May 13th, capturing one thou- 
sand horses. On the 22d of May the command 
reached Wool's encampment, and on the 27th, that 
of General Taylor. 

As the term of service of these gallant men had 
expired, they now commenced their return. Early 
in June they marched through Matamoras, and on 
the 16th, arrived at New Orleans. 

The grand, decisive movement of the war was the 
expedition against Vera Cruz, and thence by the na- 
tional road to the Mexican capital. General Winfield 
Scott was ordered to take command of the forces 
raised for this purpose. He reached the seat of war, 
January 1st, 1847, and by February the troops under 
his command numbered eleven thousand. The fleet, 
under Commodore Conner, was to co-operate. 

Vera Cruz was very strongly fortified, and upon a 
bar in front of the city was the castle of San Juan 
de UUoa, deemed almost impregnable. A reconois- 
sance of the coast was made by General Scott and 
Commodore Conner, and a portion of the beach west 
of the Isle of Sacraficios was selected for landing the 
troops. On the 9th of March, four thousand men 
were landed simultaneously. No resistance was met 
with, and the whole army was soon disembarked. 
From the 9th to the 22d, General Scott was employed 
in completing his lines around the city. He then 
summoned the city and castle to surrender, and upon 
the refusal of the governor, opened his batteries. For 
four days the bombardment and the cannonade were 
continued with destructive effect. Morales, the go- 
vernor, then surrendered his authority into the hands 
of General Llandero, who immediately made over- 
tures for a capitulation. Negotiations ended in the 
surrender of Vera Cruz and San Juan d'Ulloa to the 
American forces. During the progress of the siege. 
Colonel Harney with a small force of dragoons de- 
feated a body of lancers, four times as numerous as 



184 BATTLE OF SIERRA GORDO. 

his o^vn command. The whole loss of the besiegers 
was twelve killed and sixty-five wounded. 

Early in April, General Scott took up the line of 
march for the city of Mexico. 

On the 17th of April, the army approached the 
celebrated pass of Sierra Gordo, always reputed to 
be impregnable, and which was now strongly fortified, 
with seven batteries so arranged as to protect each 
other. The position was held by General Santa 
Anna, a host of other Mexican generals, and the 
flower of the national army, sixteen thousand strong. 
They were expected to make a desperate stand 
against the eleven thousand Americans who were ad- 
vancing towards the capital. 

General Scott, having reconnoitred the enemy's 
position, instantly decided on his plan of operations. 
This plan, formed with the skill of a master, was ex- 
ecuted with all the precision that the general could 
require. The attack began on the 18th of April, 
early in the morning. The troops were all in posi- 
tion before daylight. The whole line of the Mexican 
intrenchments and batteries were attacked in front 
and turned at the same time. The troops advanced 
amidst the most deadly and tremendous fire, without 
hesitation, and before two o'clock, p. m., the Mexicans 
were driven from their works and pursued with 
vigour. Their whole force was routed, and Santa 
Anna came near being captured. About three thou- 
sand men laid down their arms, with the usual pro- 
portion of field and company officers, besides five 
generals — a sixth was killed. According to General 
Scott's official despatch, the army was " embarrassed 
with the result of the victory." Nearly all the pri- 
soners wore released on parole, and the private efi'ects 
captured were restored to their owners, and the small 
arms and some ammunition destroyed. The force of 
the Americans at Sierra Gordo was about eight thou- 
sand five hundred. Their loss was thirty-three offi- 
cers and three hundred and ninety-eight men — total, 
four hundred and thirty-one, of Avhom sixty-three 



CAPTURE OF PUEBLA. 185 

■were killed. The loss of the Mexicans in killed and 
"wounded was never knovrn, but during the battle it no 
doubt equalled that of their antagonists, and in the re- 
treat was greatly augmented by the slaughter com- 
mitted among the fugitives by Harney's dragoons. 

On the same day that the victory of Sierra Gordo 
was achieved, the town of Tuspan was captured, with 
but slight resistance, by a portion of the gulf squadron. 
Guaymas was taken not long afterwards by the same 
force. On the following day Twiggs entered Jalapa, 
in pursuit of the flying enemy. On the same day, 
and the following, the Mexicans abandoned the strong 
post of La Iloya ; and on the 22d, General Worth 
entered the strong town and castle of Perote. This 
fortress is one of the most formidable in Mexico. It 
contained fifty-four pieces of cannon, bronze and iron 
mortars, eleven thousand cannon-balls, fourteen thou- 
sand bombs, and five hundred muskets, all of which 
fell into the hands of the Americans. 

On the 15th of May, General Worth approached 
the city of Puebla. He was met by a party of lancers, 
supposed to be led by Santa Anna, with whom a 
skirmish ensued, in the plains of Amasoca. After 
losing a few men, the enemy retreated, and were 
driven into the streets of Puebla, where they sepa- 
rated and escaped. Thus, in less than two mouths. 
General Scott and his army had captured three large 
cities, two castles, ten thousand men, more than 
seven hundred cannon, mostly nevr, and an immense 
quantity of shells, shot, and small arms. 

About this time large bands of active and daring 
guerillas began to infest the road between Vera Cruz 
and Puebla. Father Jarauta, a bold priest, was the 
chief commander of these partisans. He seized upon 
every position where a good defence could be made, 
and whence it was easy to attack the wagon trains 
and small parties of American troops. No quarter 
was shown to the vanquished; a vast amount of plun- 
der was taken, and for the Mexicans this was the 
most successful portion of the war. Captain Walker, 
16* 



186 BATTLE OF CONTRERAS. 

General Cadwallader, and General Pierce, who were 
in command of reinforcements for General Scott, and 
who escorted large and valuable trains, were succes- 
Bively attacked at the National Bridge. The guerillas 
were repulsed with loss in all these engagements and 
reinforcements reached General Scott ; but the trains 
were plundered to a considerable extent. 

General Scott remained at Puebla until early in 
August, when General Pierce arrived with two thou- 
sand five hundred men, the march for the capital was 
resumed. On the 11th of August, the army descended 
into the valley of Mexico. General Scott determined 
to avoid the strong works on the direct road to Mex- 
ico, by cutting a road round Lakes Chalco and Xochi- 
milco. This was effected, and on the 18th General 
Worth, with the advanced division, reached San Au- 
gustin. 

The post of Contreras was the first object of attack. 
It was strongly fortified, mounted twenty-two guns, 
and was garrisoned by seven thousand men. The 
capture of this strong place was entrusted to General 
Persifor Smith, with about three thousand men. 
On the 19th he gained the rear of the fortress, and at 
day-light on the morning of the 20th began the as- 
sault. Colonel Riley led the advanced corps. After 
a short and fierce struggle, the works were carried, 
and tlie garrison routed, with great slaughter. 

The forces were now disposed for an attack on a 
still stronger position than Contreras. The whole of 
the remaining forces of Mexico, some twenty-seven 
thousand men, were now collected in on the flanks, 
or within supporting distance of the works, at the 
village of Churubusco. The principal defences were 
a fortified convent, and a strong field-work, [iete de 
pont,) with regular bastions and curtains, at the head 
of a bridge over which the road passes from San An- 
tonio to the capital. The fortified convent was warmly 
attacked by Twiggs's division, and the iete de pont by 
Worth and Pillow. The latter was a formidable 
work ; but was assaulted and carried by the bayonet. 



188 BATTLE OF CUURUBUSCO. 

after a short but bloody struggle. Three field-pieces, 
one hundred and ninety-two prisoners, and a large 
quantity of ammunition fell into the hands of the 
victors. After the capture of the tete de poni, the 
whole strength of the two divisions was directed 
against the convent, the citadel of the strong line of 
defence at Churubusco. After a desperate conflict 
of two hours and a half, signals of surrender were 
thrown out on all sides, though not before some of the 
infantry had entered the work. The immediate re- 
sults of this victory were seven field-pieces, some 
ammunition, one colour, three generals, and one thou- 
sand two hundred and sixty-one prisoners. While 
the attack Avas being made on the convent and tete de 
pont, General Shields, with two brigades, was de- 
tached to the left to turn the enemy's works, and pre- 
vent the escape of the garrison. The battle at that 
point was long, obstinate, and bloody ; but in the end 
success crowned the determined bravery of Shields' 
troops, and the Mexicans were driven from the field, 
with a severe loss in killed and wounded, and three 
hundred and eighty of them were taken prisoners. 
This completed the rout of the Mexicans, and they 
were pursued to within a mile of the capital ; a com- 
pany of dragoons even charged them up to the nearest 
gate. 

The results of the Avhole day's work on the 20th of 
August are thus summed up by General Scott : — 

" It (the army) has, in a single day, in many bat- 
tles as often defeated thirty-two thousand men, made 
about three thousand prisoners, including eight gene- 
rals, (two of them ex-presidents,) and two hundred 
and five other officers ; killed or wounded four thou- 
sand of all ranks, besides entire corps dispersed and 
dissolved; captured thirty-seven pieces of ordnance — 
more than trebling our siege train and field-batte- 
ries — with a large number of small arms, a full sup- 
ply of ammunition of every kind. These great results 
have overwhelmed the enemy." The loss of the 
Americans, in killed, wounded, and missing, was one 



ASSAULT ON MOLINO DEL KEY. 189 

thousand and fifty-three. The whole force engaged 
daring the day was only eight thousand five hundred 
men. 

On the night of the 20th, a flag came from the 
Mexicans, asking for an armistice, and proposing ne- 
gotiations for peace. Anxious to save life and secure 
peace, General Scott granted the armistice, making 
it terminable in forty-eight hours. Negotiations were 
immediately opened between Mr. N. P. Trist, com- 
missioner on the part of the United States, and a com- 
missioner appointed by the Mexican government. On 
the 2d of September, Mr. Trist gave his ultimatum, 
and the commissioners adjourned to meet on the 6th. 
But in the meantime infractions of the truce by Santa 
Anna caused General Scott to resume hostilities. 

The next point of attack was a fortified cannon 
foundry, called the "Casa Mata," and adjoining works 
as " Molino del Key." Most of the defences of these 
positions wore skillfully masked, and the American 
general could not obtain precise information by a re- 
connoisance. The plan of attack was devised, how- 
ever, and General Worth was appointed to execute it 
at the head of three thousand two hundred men. 

By day-break on the 8th of September, the troops 
were in position. The heavy guns were then opened, 
and the whole line of defence shook under their 
battering force. Major Wright led the assaulting 
party, under a tremendous fire, and at first drove the 
enemy from their guns, but they soon rallied, and a 
severe conflict ensued. 

General Worth ordered up Cadwallader's brigade 
and the light battalion, and these troops coming into 
action at a suitable moment, saved the remnant of 
Wright's men. The Mexicans were again routed, 
and their central works fully carried and occupied. 
The attack was equally successful at the left, on Mo- 
lino del Rey. The works were carried, and the Mex- 
icans driven towards Chapultepec. The Casa Mata 
was found to be a far stronger work than first sup- 
posed, and the assailants were driven back with the 



190 STORMING OF CHAPULTEPEC. 

loss of at least one-third of their number. But thp 
capture of the other works enabled the Americans to 
concentrate their strength, and the enemy "werr 
forced to abandon it after a short but destructive fire. 

This was a splendid achicAement ; the entire line 
of fortresses captured was defended by fourteen thou- 
sand men, well provided with artillery and stores. 
The loss of the assailants was very severe — almosi 
eight hundred men. 

The capture of Molino del Key cut off the commu 
nication between the city and the castle of Chapulte 
pec, which fortress was destined to be the next object 
of attack. It was situated on a natural mound of 
great height, strongly fortified at its base, acclivities, 
and passes. 

The assault upon Chapultepec began early on the 
12th of September. The two divisions that moved 
to the attack in difi"erent directions were Commanded 
by Generals Quitman and Pillow. A bombardment 
and a cannonade Avere opened upon the castle at an 
early hour, but stopped when the assault commenced. 
The Mexicans opened all their batteries as the Ame- 
ricans rushed forward to the attack, and the fire was 
tremendous. But the assailants pushed on up the 
broken ascent, over rocks and mines, and soon car- 
ried a redoubt. General Pillow was struck down by 
a grape-shot ; but he was carried along with his 
party up the height, the troops being led by General 
CadAvallader, The assault was rapidly conducted, 
and the men of PilloAv's division reached the castle 
first. Many were thrown from the walls, but tho 
stream that followed soon took their places, and 
planted the colours of the United States on the highest 
walls. The other division, under Quitman, had more 
serious work. The batteries and works at the foot 
of the hill were only carried after a desperate strug- 
gle. Seven pieces of artillery, one thousand muskets, 
and five hundred and fifty prisoners, including one 
hundred ofiicers, were the results of the victory at 
the lower batteries. iVbout eight hundred prisoners, 



CAPTURE OF MEXICO. 191 

including one major-general and six brigadiers, and 
a great number of inferior officers, were captured by 
Pillow's division. The forces in and around Chapul- 
tepec amounted to six thousand men, under the vete- 
ran General Bravo. Of this number, eighteen hun- 
dred were either killed, wounded, or taken prisoners.- 

The capture of Chapultepec opened to the Ameri- 
can army the direct road to the western and southern 
portions of the city, which points now became the 
objects of attack. Aware of the importance of im- 
proving upon the impression made upon the enemy 
by so heavy a loss, General Scott determined to waste 
no time,, but to press on immediately to the decisive 
assault. 

The attack upon the city was made by two divi- 
sions. One, under General Worth, advanced along 
the road to the San Cosme gate ; the other, under 
General Quitman, took the Tacubaya road, which led 
to the Belen gate. The troops of both divisions were 
exposed to a tremendous fire from the Mexican bat- 
teries, but they pressed on without faltering, and bat- 
tery after battery was either silenced or captured. 
In the meantime, as part of the plan of attack. Gene- 
ral Twiggs diverted the attention of the Mexicans by 
an incessant cannonade against the southern side of 
the city. At length the strong fortress of San Cosme 
was carried by Worth and his followers, and shouts 
announced his entrance into Mexico. Quitman met 
with a more obstinate resistance, being opposed at 
the Belen gate by General Santa Anna in person. 
The ammunition of the advance of the troops gave 
out, and they were exposed to a destructive fire until 
the deficiency was supplied. The garita was carried 
with a severe loss, and then darkness fell upon the 
scene. The Mexicans ceased firing, and the troops 
of Quitman's division set about erecting batteries to 
maintain their position within the city. Worth was 
prepafed to continue the attack ; but soon after his 
heavy guns were placed in a favourable position, a 
flag came from the municipality, the bearer of which 



TREATY OF PEACE. 193 

stated that the government and the army had evacu- 
ated the city. AH firing ceased upon the receipt of 
this flag. AVorth's loss during the day was two offi- 
cers killed and ten wounded, with one hundred and 
twenty-nine rank and file, killed, wounded and miss- 
ing. Quitman's loss was five hundred and forty men, 
of whom seventy-seven, including eight officers, were 
killed, four hundred and fifty-four wounded, and nine 
missing. 

Immediately after the capture of the city of Mex- 
ico, the small force at Puebla under the command of 
Colonel Childs, was besieged by a large force of Mex- 
icans under the command of Santa Anna. Colonel 
Childs maintained his post, until the arrival of Gene- 
ral Lane with reinforcements from Vera Cruz, when the 
enemy raised the siege. General Lane had had seve- 
ral encounters with the Mexicans on the march, and 
in one of these conflicts the brave Captain Walker 
was slain. But the enemy were defeated in every 
assault. 

After the capture of the capital, negotiations for 
peace were resumed. In January, the general-in- 
chief laid before the Mexican authorities the basis of 
a treaty similar in its general features to one for- 
merly rejected. The commissioners met at Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo, and after a short negotiation, signed 
" a treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlement 
between the United States and the Mexican republic.^' 
By the terms of this instrument, Mexico ceded New 
Mexico and Alta California to the United States, in 
consideration of fifteen million of dollars, and recog 
nised the Rio Grande as the western boundary of 
Texas. The evacuation of Mexico by the American 
forces was superintended by General Butler, General 
Scott having been suspended from his command in 
consequence of charges made by his subordinates. 
The return of peace was hailed with joy by the majo- 
rity of both nations. 
17 




Colonel Fremont. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



The United States from the Mexican War. 

The conclusion of the Mexican war found the 
United States with a national debt increased more 
than a hundred millions of dollars ; but with a greatly 
extended territory, from which vast wealth was to be 
derived. The administration of President Polk was 
very eventful, and the work of government arduous. 
A difficulty with Great Britain concerning the title 
to Oregon territory was settled by negotiation, the 
49th parallel of north latitude being agreed upon as 
the northern boundary of that portion of the terri- 
tory belonging to the United States. The measures 
(194) 



GOLD DISCOVERY IN CALIFORNIA. 195 

of the Democratic party were fully carried out by 
President Polk. The tariif was reduced to a revenue 
standard, and the sub-treasury and the warehousing 
system established. 

Soon after the conclusion of the war, the country 
was astounded by the intelligence of a great disco 
very in California. 

In the latter part of February, 1848, a mechanic, 
named James Marshall, was employed in building a 
saw-mill for John A. Sutter, Esq., on the south side 
of the river, known in California as the American 
Fork, some fifty miles from New Helvetia, or Sutter's 
Fort. While employed in cutting a mill-race or canal 
for this improvement, Mr. Marshall discovered the 
pieces of gold as they glistened in the sunlight at the 
bottom of the sluices. Pieces of considerable size 
were taken from the water, and in a few days gold to 
the amount of one hundred and fifty dollars was re- 
moved in this manner. The labourers on the works, 
mostly Mormons, soon became satisfied of its precious 
nature, and the news spread rapidly about the coun- 
try. Examinations were prosecuted at other points 
along the stream, and almost every where with suc- 
cess. Keports of a most marvellous nature soon 
reached the coast, touching these mines. Their ap- 
parent extravagance created incredulity, and the pub- 
lic attention was not fully called to the subject until 
gold-dust or grain-gold was brought into the market 
in considerable quantities for sale. Doubt soon be- 
came belief, and a change, almost magical in its 
nature, pervaded the whole population. Lawyers, 
doctors, clergymen, farmers, mechanics, merchants, 
sailors, and soldiers, left their legitimate occupations 
to embark on a business where fortunes were to be 
made in a few weeks. Villages and districts, where 
all had been bustle, industry, and improvement, were 
soon left without male population. Mechanics, mer- 
chants, and magistrates were alike ofi" to the mines, 
and all kinds of useful occupations, except gold-dig- 
ging, were here apparently at an end. 



196 GENERAL TAYLOR ELECTED PRESIDENT. 

A vast influx of population from various quarters 
of the world followed. San Francisco became a large 
city, and new towns' sprang up with astonishing 
quickness. Continued discoveries of gold increased 
the excitement and added to the splendid attractions 
of the new territory of the republic. The gold region 
was found to be at least six hundred miles in length 
and about one hundred and fifty in breadth, and it 
appeared inexhaustible. 

The government of California being very defective, 
a convention was called and a State constitution 
framed. Application was then made for admission 
into the Union, but the agitation of the slavery ques- 
tion prevented an immediate compliance by con- 
gress. 

In the latter part of 1848, the Presidential election 
occurred. The result was the triumph of the Whig 
candidates, General Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, and 
Millard Fillmore, of New York, over the Democratic 
candidate, Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and General 
William 0. Butler, of Kentucky. 

On the 4th of March, 1849, General Taylor was 
inaugurated President of the United States, and Mil- 
lard Fillmore became Vice President upon the same 
day. The cabinet was composed of leading members 
of the Whig party, headed by John M. Clayton, of 
Delaware, as Secretary of State. 

On the meeting of Congress, the opposition had a 
majority ; but neither of the two great parties could 
harmonize upon the question of slavery ; that exciting 
subject was introduced into every debate, and threats 
of dissolving the Union were boldly made by southern 
members. No business could be transacted. At 
length a series of compromise measures were pro- 
posed in the Senate. A special committee of thirteen 
senators reported an "Omnibus Bill,'' providing for 
the admission of California as a free State, the organi- 
zation of territorial governments for New Mexico 
and the Mormon settlement of Utah, the abolition of 
the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and the 



MR. FILLMORE BECOMES PRESIDENT. 197 

rendition of fugitive slaves. These measures w^ere 
discussed for about two months ; then reported, 
slightly modified, and adopted by both Houses. 

In the meantime, the nation was thrown into 
mourning by the death of its chief magistrate. Pre- 
sident Taylor died on the 9th of July, 1850, after a 
brief illness. He had attained the age of sixty-five 
years. He was lamented as a great and good servant 
of the republic. By the provision of the Constitu- 
tion, Vice President Fillmore became President, and 
the Senate elected its presiding ofiicer pro tempore. 
Upon the accession of President Fillmore, the mem- 
bers immediately resigned their posts, and a new 
cabinet was organized, with Daniel Webster, of Mas- 
sachusetts, as Secretary of State. 

During Mr. Fillmore's administration, the foreign 
relations of the country were skillfully managed. 
Difiiculties occurred with Great Britain, France, 
Spain, Portugal, and Austria ; but all were settled 
without a resort to arms. The right of way across 
Central America was secured to both Great Britain 
and the United States, by treaty. 

Spain evinced great alarm for the safety of Cuba. 
In the spring of 1850, an expedition, under the com- 
mand of General Lopez, with the object of revolu- 
tionizing that island, sailed from a southern port of 
the United States, in defiance of a proclamation by 
President Taylor. The invaders landed at Cardenas, 
on the coast of Cuba, but were compelled to retire. 
In the summer of 1851, the attempt was resumed by 
the same commander, wdth about four hundred and 
fifty men. He landed at Bahia Honda, and fought 
several battles ; but his forces were routed, and 
nearly all the troops were killed or captured. Colo- 
nel Critenden and fifty-two other prisoners were sum- 
marily shot at Havana. General Lopez was executed 
by the garotte. A large number of the other prison- 
ers were sent to Spain. The Queen reprimanded 
them and sent them to the United States. Thus 
17* 



198 FRANKLIN PIERCE ELECTED PRESIDENT. 

ended, disastrously, two rash attempts to wrest Cuba 
from the crown of Spain. 

A difficulty occurred with Portugal concerning in- 
demnity for the destruction of the privateer Arm- 
strong, in a Portuguese port, during the war of 1812. 
This was submitted to the arbitration of President 
Bonaparte, of France, and he gave the award in 
favor of Portugal. 

A difficulty in regard to the fisheries on the coast 
of British America remained unsettled. 

During the Hungarian struggle for independence, 
in 1849, the government of the United States had 
sent an agent to Hungary to ascertain the situation 
of affairs. The Austrian minister, the Chevalier 
Hulsemann, denounced the agency as an interference 
in the domestic affairs of Austria. Secretary Web- 
ster replied in a letter, vindicating the course pur- 
sued by the government of the United States, and 
rebuking the dictatorial spirit of Austria. In Octo- 
ber, 1852, Mr. Webster died, and Edward Everett, 
of Massachusetts, Avas appointed to succeed him as 
Secretary of State. 

In the fall of 1852, the Presidential election oc- 
curred, the principal candidates for the chief magis- 
tracy being General Winfield Scott, of New Jersey, 
General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, and 
John P. Hale, also of New Hampshire. General 
Pierce was chosen President by a very large majo- 
rity. William R. King, of Alabama, Avas elected to 
the Vice Presidency at the same time. 

On the 4th of March, 1853, the successful candi- 
dates were inaugurated. Vive -President King died 
of consumption shortly after taking the oath of 
office. President Pierce's cabinet was composed of 
leading members of the Democratic party, William 
L. Marcy, of New York, being appointed Secretary 
of State. 

The first important business that engaged the 
attention of the new administration concerned the 
foreign relations of the republic. During President 



THE KOSZTA AFFAIR. 199 

Fillmore's administration ; Lord John Russel, the 
British Minister of Foreign Affiiirs, proposed that 
Great Britain, France, and the United States should 
enter into a tri-partite treaty securing Spain in the 
possession of Cuba. This proposal Secretary Everett 
declined, in a letter remarkable for its splendid vin- 
dication of American progressive policy. After the 
inauguration of President Pierce, Lord John Russel 
replied to this letter in a sarcastic tone, and Mr. 
Everett, with the approval of the Secretary of State, 
published a rejoinder, displaying even more Ame- 
rican spirit and diplomatic ability than his first 
reply. 

In June, 1853, an event occurred, vs^hich marks the 
commencement of a new era in the foreign policy of 
the United States. Martin Koszta, a Hungarian exile, 
having sought a refuge in the United States, and de- 
clared his intention of becoming a citizen of the 
rjppublic, visited the Mediterranean to attend to some 
private aflfairs. He obtained an American passport 
and went to Smyrna. There he was suddenly ar- 
rested by the Austrian consul, and hurried on board 
the Austrian sloop-of-war Hussar. The United States 
corvette, St. Louis, chanced to be in the harbor of 
Smyrna, and her gallant commander. Captain D. II. In- 
graham, immediately demanded the release of Koszta. 
The commander of the Hussar refused to comply. 
Captain Ingraham then made a show of force, and 
succeeded in so flir daunting the Austrians, that they 
agreed to give Koszta to the care of the French con- 
sul, to await the action of the governments of Aus- 
tria and the United States. Captain Ingraham was 
highly lauded b}'^ his countrymen for his bold conduct 
in this affiiir. 

The imperial government of Austria protested 
against what it called the unjust interference of Cap- 
tain Ingraham. To this protest. Secretary Marcy, 
premier of the American administration, replied in a 
calm, but firm, logical, and convincing argument, 
showing that the act of the Austrian consul was in 



200 



TDE KOSZTA AFFAIR. 



violation of the law of nations, and that if any repa- 
ration was to be made, Austria was the power called 
upon to make it. This document greatly added to 
that foreign influence, which the United States had 
acquired during President Fillmore's administra- 
tion. 

In consequence of the bold stand taken by the 
United States government in this affair, Austria was 
considerably humbled. Compelled to retreat or to take 
the responsibility of kidnapping an American citizen, 
she chose the former alternative, and Koszta was re- 
leased, and permitted to return to the United States. 
For some years, the relations between the republic 
and Austria had not been of the most amicable cha- 
racter ; and this affair tended to increase the aliena- 
tion of the two governments. 



QUESTIONS 

FOR YHE 

EXAMINATION OF PUPILS. 

CHAPTER I. 

(Page 7.) From what has it been inferred that America was 
not unknown to the ancients ? 

Did any trace of this knowledge exist at the period of the re- 
vival of letters ? 

(P, 8.) What was then supposed to form the western boundary 
of the world ? 

When was America discovered by the Northmen ? What 
prevented the colonization of America by the Northmen ? 

To whom are we indebted for the knowledge of this conti- 
nent ? What led Columbus to suppose its existence ? What 
error did he fall into ? What was the cause of this error? To 
whom did Columbus first apply for aid in his undertaking ? How 
did the Genoese treat his proposal ? To what government did 
he next apply ? 

(P. 9.) How had the court of Portugal already distinguished 
itself? Of what treacherous act were the Portuguese guilty? 
What was its effect upon Columbus ? To whom did he then 
apply for support in his project ? What prevented the King of 
England from accepting the offers of Columbus ? 

To what government did he, as a last resource, present his 
scheme? For how many years did Columbus solicit aid? How 
did Queen Isabella aid him ? When did he at last set sail ? From 
what port? What course did he take? What raised the fears 

(201) 



202 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 



of the sailors ? What was the consequence ? What led to a 
second revolt? 

What induced them to continue their voyage ? What was dis- 
covered on the night of the 11th of October ? 

(P. 10.) When was land discovered ? What was then the con- 
duct of the sailors ? Where did they first land ? What island 
was next discovered? Where was gold said to abound? When 
was the island of Hayti discovered ? Where did Columbus leave 
a colony ? 

(P. 11.) How was Columbus received on his return to Spain? 
What made the government eager to forward his design ? How 
many vessels were prepared for the second voyage ? To what 
office was Columbus now appointed ? What islands did he dis- 
cover in his second voyage ? 

What was the effect of the success of Columbus, at the court 
of Spain ? How did the court show its distrust ? What did Co- 
lumbus effect in his subsequent voyages? Was he the first to 
discover the continent ? 

Who was Amerigo Vespucci? When did he visit the conti- 
nent? What did he do on his return ? What honour did he 
receive in consequence of that publication? Who was better 
entitled to that honour? 

Who was John Cabot ? When did he receive a commission 
from Henry VII. of England ? What were the terms of that 
grant ? W^hen did Cabot sail from England ? 

(P. 12.) For what was his first voyage intended ? How did 
it terminate? Who had the direction of the second English ex- 
pedition?. What did he discover on the 24th of June? What 
is that island now called ? What course did he then take ? How 
far did he follow the coast? What was done by him in 1502 ? 

(P. 13.) What part of the continent was visited by Ponce de 
Leon ? From what is Florida said to have derived its name ? 

When did the French commence their discoveries ? What 
was done by Verrazani ? When did Gomez visit the coast? 
What was the extent of his discoveries ? 

Describe Cartier's voyage. What river did he discover ? 
What did he do the following year? What did he call the 
country ? 

(P. 14.) When did De Soto sail from Cuba ? What object 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 203 

had he in view ? When did he arrive at Spirito Santo ? Where 
did he die ? What was done by Cartier in 1541 and 1542 ? What 
was done by La Roche in 1542? What was done in 1550 ? 

What was discovered by Ribault in 1562 ? Describe Frobish* 
er's voyages. Where did Sir Francis Drake land on the Con- 
tinent of North America? What name did he give to the sur- 
rounding country ? For what lands did Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
obtain a patent? With what provision? When did he sail? 
Describe his voyage. 

CHAPTER II. 

(P, 15.) To whom did Queen Elizabeth grant a patent in 1584 ? 
When did he send out a colony ? Where did they land ? What 
did they call the country ? What became of this colony ? 

(P. 16.) When were two other attempts made to establish a 
colony in Virginia ? With what success? 

What place did Gosnold visit in 1602 ? Were any settlements 
made there ? What was the extent of colonization in North 
America at the commencement of the 17th century ? 

When did Bartholomew Gilbert die? What country was 
granted to De Mons in 1608? By whom? What name was 
given to that country ? 

What was discovered by Weymouth in 1605 ? How did James 
I. divide Virginia ? To what companies were the two territories 
granted ? What was done by the London company in December, 
1606 ? When did the ships enter the Chesapeake Bay ? 

Where did they commence their settlement ? What name did 
they give the place ? What hardships were experienced by the 
colony ? 

(P. 17.) To whom was the colony indebted for its preservation ? 
How did he preserve the colony ? What happened to him while 
in quest of provisions? How did he at that time save his own 
life ? To whom was he then conducted ? 

(P. 18.) How was his life again preserved ? How did Poca- 
hontas afterward save the colony ? 

What was the state of the colony in 1610 ? What prevented 
their return to England? What was the state of the colony 
under Lord Delaware and his successor? When was the first 
legislature convened ? Why was the lower house then called the 



204 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

house of burgesses ? What addition was made to the number of 
emigrants in 1619 ? How were the young women distributed 
among the planters? When were negro slaves first introduced? 

What took place in 1622? How many of the settlers were 
destroyed ? What prevented the destruction of the whole settle- 
ment? 

(P. 19.) What added to the distress occasioned by this ? What 
was done on the arrival of a reinforcement of settlers? 

What was done by James I. on the 15th of July, 1624 ? In 
whom were the legislative and executive powers vested ? What 
was the character of the government under these regulations ? 
How was Harvey treated on account of his oppressive measures ? 
Who succeeded him ? How did he govern the province ? 

What side did the Virginians take on the commencement of the 
civil war in England? What was the consequence? Did the 
Virginians submit? What rights did they secure to themselves 
before submitting ? 

(P. 20.) How were the governors appointed during the existence 
of the commonwealth of England ? What dispute arose in 1658 ? 
When did Cromwell die? Who succeeded him? When did he 
resign ? What was consequently done by the assembly of Vir- 
ginia ? Whom did they elect governor ? What powers and 
injunctions were given him? What restraint was put upon him ? 
What was ordered with respect to the laws ? What was declared 
to be the established religion of the colony ? How was the 
governor anthorized to punish non-conformists? 

(P. 21.) What now injured the trade of Virginia ? What made 
the landed proprietors discontented? What was the result? By 
what name is that rebellion known ? 

Who put himself at the head of the people? What was Bacon's 
character? What determined his purpose? What was done by 
Bacon's party ? What put an end to the rebellion ? What were the 
effects of this rebellion ? Who succeeded Berkeley ? What did 
he bring with him ? Were they satisfied ? What was their ob- 
ject? What their effect ? From what did Virginia suffer during 
the reigns of Charles II. and James ? 

(P. 22.) When was printing prohibited in Virginia ? 

During what time did Virginia enjoy great tranquillity ? What 
happened in 1732? What exempted Virginia from hostilities 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 205 

during the wars between France and England, prior to 1754? 
What happened between 1754 and 1758? Who first distinguished 
himself in this war ? What was done by Virginia when the 
British attempted to raise a revenue in the colonies? What is 
said of her services and sufferings in the war of the Revolution ? 
What important measure of that war happened in Virginia ? 

CHAPTER III. 

(P. 23.) When was Quebec settled? When was the Hudson 
river discovered ? By whom ? When was the earliest effectuai 
settlement made in New York ? Where ? What happened in 
1614, to interrupt the jurisdiction of the Dutch ? 

(P. 24.) When was it restored ? How did the Dutch extend 
their possessions ? To whom was the country granted, in 1021 ^ 
By what name ? Who was the first governor under the com- 
pany ? Who the second ? What were the acts of Kieft ? 

Who was the third and last governor of the New Netherlands? 
What was the character of his administration ? How was he 
constantly employed ? How did he settle these disputes ? 

To whom was a patent granted by Charles II. in 1664 ? What 
was included in that grant ? Who commanded the forces sent 
against New York ? When did they arrive ? What did he offer 
to the inhabitants on condition that they would surrender? What 
did Stuyvesant do to prevent the people from capitulating? 
What obliged the old governor to yield ? 

(P. 25.) Of what did the English then take possession ? What 
name did they give to Fort Orange ? What expedition was 
then undertaken ? What success attended it ? 

What was the character of NichoUs' authority? How was it 
exercised ? Who succeeded Nicholls in the government ? What 
happened in New York in 1673 ? When was it again ceded to 
England ? What was now obtained by the duke of York? Who 
was made governor-general ? What was the character of his 
administration ? What permission was given in 1683 ? What 
was done in New York on receiving the news of the imprison- 
ment of Andros ? 

(P. 26.) What part of the colony refused to acknowledge the 
authority of Leisler ? What was done in consequence of the re- 
18 



206 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

sistance of Albany ? Who was sent out as governor from Eng- 
land ? What was attempted by Leisler ? What was his fate ? 

What was the effect of the English revolution upon New 
York ? What was done by the assembly ? What was the state 
of the province for many years afterwards ? What was the con- 
duct of the province in the wars which arose with the French 
of Canada and the frontier Indians ? What happened at 
Schenectady in 1690 ? How many were destroyed in that mas- 
sacre ? What was done by the people of New York in 1709 
and 1711 ? 

(P. 27.) What was the cause of the failure of these expe- 
ditions ? 

By whom was New York invaded in 1715 ? By whom was 
Dieskau opposed ? What was the result of the engagement ? 
When was Fort William Henry taken ? By whom ? What hap- 
pened in 1758 ? When was Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken 
from the French ? What was done by General Johnson ? 

(P. 28.) When was Canada surrendered to the British ? 

What was the conduct of New York on the imposition of the 
Stamp Act in 1765? What did the assembly refuse to do in 
1767 ? What bill was passed in consequence of that ? What 
was the effect of that upon the people ? What was done by the 
assembly in 1769 ? What was the coridition of New York dur- 
ing the war of the Revolution ? 



CHAPTER IV. 

(P. 29.) What company was entrusted with the colonization of 
the country lying between the 38th and 45th degrees of north 
latitude ? What success attended the first attempts of this com- 
pany? What prevented a settlement being made, in 1607? 
From whom did the puritans obtain a charter ? When ? 

(P. 30.) How many of them sailed for America? Where did 
they land ? What name did they give to the place ? What was 
their first care ? Who was chosen as their first governor ? How 
was he aided in the discharge of his duties ? How was the 
number of assistants afterwards increased ? In what did the 
supreme power reside ? When did they establish a house of 
representatives ? What did they do in imitation of the primitive 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 207 

Christians ? What induced them to relinquish it ? What did 
they obtain from the Plymouth Company in 1630 ? 

(P. 31.) Did the settlement of Massachusetts advance rap.dly ? 
What was the name of the first permanent town which they 
erected ? What was the next ? What gave a fresh spring to the 
exertions of the Plymouth Company? How many emigrants 
arrived in July 1630 ? 

(P. 32.) Of what town did some of them lay the foundation? 
What sufferings were experienced by the new colony, during the 
first years of its existence? What is said of the civil policy of the 
settlement? With what powers were commissioners appointed in 
1635? What was forbidden by Charles I. two years afterwards ? 
When was a quo warranto issued against Massachusetts ? In 
whose favour was judgment given ? 

Did the colonists learn toleration from their own sufferings 
in England? How did they show that ? What dispute arose in 
1635 ? What argument was resorted to by the most numerous 
party ? To what did the banishment of the leaders of one of the 
parties contribute ? 

(P. 33.) What was done by the Pequods in 1636 ? How were 
their designs defeated ? IIow were the Pequods punished? What 
effect had the downfall of monarchy in England upon emigra- 
tion? How did that event benefit New England? Between 
what colonies was an alliance formed ? What of this union ? 

(P. 34.) What was the condition of Massachusetts on the re- 
storation of Charles II. ? What did he consequently fear? What 
measures did he take to prevent that evil? What ensued? 
What prevented Charles from destroying the charter of the 
colony ? 

Who succeeded Charles IT. on the throne of England? What 
did he determine to do ? Who did he employ to execute that 
task? How did Andros proceed ? Did James pay any attention 
to the remonstrances made against these proceedings? What 
other colonies did he add to the union ? How did the people put 
an end to the government of Andros ? What was done by the 
people of Boston when they heard of the abdication of James ? 

Did the people of Massachusetts derive any great advantage 
from this change of government ? 

C P. 35.) How were they disappointed on petitioning for the 



208 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

restoration of their charter? What power did the king retain to 
himself by the new charter? What power was given to the 
governor by it ? What colony was united to Massachusetts? 
By whom were the Indians incited to make inroads upon the 
settlements ? How did the colonists waste their wealth and 
strength ? When did the expedition against Port Royal take 
place? What was contributed by Massachusetts for that expedi- 
tion? In what other expedition did she engage during the same 
year ? What caused the failure of both these expeditions ? How 
long did Massachusetts continue to make these exertions ? 

What was done in 1708 ? What in 1711 ? How was the assem- 
bly engaged at the same time? What was the subject of conten- 
tion between the governor and assembly ? 

What expedition was projected in Massachusetts in 1745 ? 

(P. 36.) To whom was the command of the land forces given ? 
What was the result of the expedition ? Did England retain 
the possession of Louisbourg ? What exertions were made by 
Massachusetts in the war which ended in the conquest of 
Canada? What pait did Massachusetts take in the war of the 
Revolution? What has always been a great source of wealth to 
Massachusetts ? 

CHAPTER V. 

(P. 37.) Who were the first European settlers in the state of 
Delaware ? What is said of the region from which they emi- 
grated ? 

(P. 38.) In what year was the first permanent settlement made 
in Delaware? What led Gustavus Adolphus to wish to form a 
colony of his subjects there ? What association was accordingly 
formed ? What name was given to it ? Where did the first emi- 
grants land ? What name did they give to the country on both 
sides of the Delaware? 

Where did the Swedes build a fort in 1630 ? Where in 1631 ? 
What settlements did they make within the present slate of Penn- 
sylvania ? 

On what did the Dutch found their claim to the country on 
the Delaware? With what did they, however, content them- 
selves ? 

(P. 39.) What alarmed them for the validity of their title ? To 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 209 

whom had Charles II, ceded the British claim to the disputed ter- 
ritory ? Where were the Dutch permitted to erect a fort ? What 
did that obtain for them ? Who succeeded Printz in the govern- 
ment of the Swedish settlement? What produced open hostili- 
ties? Give an account of the conquest of Nova Suecia by the 
Dutch? What was done with the prisoners? With what was 
the colony then incorporated ? Where was the seat of govern- 
ment fixed ? 

By whom was the title of the Dutch again questioned? What 
gave rise to that dispute ? How did it terminate ? 

(P. 40.) What part of North America had been granted to the 
duke of York in 1G64 ? When were the Dutch settlements on 
the Hudson surrendered to the English ? Who was sent against 
their settlements on the Delaware ? With what success ? How 
long did the Dutch authority on the western bank of the Dela- 
ware exist ? 

To whom was the administration of affairs now committed ? 
When was a commission of justices appointed? With what 
power ? What was reserved to the government at New York ? 
What again revived the authority of the Dutch on the Delaware ? 
For what were deputies sent to New York ? Wlio was appointed 
governor ? What put a final period to the Dutch government ? 
When was a new patent given to the duke of York? What was 
granted by it? How long did Delaware remain under the juris- 
diction of New York ? 

W^hen was Delaware conveyed to William Penn ? 

(P. 41.) By whom? Into how many counties was it then divided? 
What was the country called until the Revolution ? When did 
William Penn land at Newcastle ? When where the three lower 
counties annexed to Pennsylvania ? How were the Dutch and 
Swedes residing within Penn's dominions, treated ? 

How long did the representatives of Delaware and Pennsyl- 
vania meet in one legislature? When did a disagreement take 
place? When a separation into distinct assemblies? When did 
the first local assembly meet at Newcastle? What were their 
first acts ? What prevented serious consequences from following 
these acts ? What dispute was finally settled in 1760 ? 

(P. 42.) What was the conduct of Delaware in the old French 
war ? How was she repaid ? 
18^ 



210 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

How long did Delaware remain under the government of the 
proprietary of Pennsylvania? What is said of the dependence 
of Delaware upon Pennsylvania? When did the proprietary of 
Pennsylvania resign his jurisdiction over the lower counties ? 
What was done in September 1776? What is said of the con- 
duct of Delaware in the Revolutionary war ? For what was the 
Delaware regiment distinguished among the regular forces ? 

CHAPTER VI. 

(P. 43.) By whom was Connecticut first settled ? Who soon 
followed them? What were these two colonies called ? 

(P. 44.) How long did they continue under distinct govern- 
ments? What name was given to them on their consolidation? 
When had ihe people of Connecticut formed a constitution ? 
What resolution was adopted in the same year by the people of 
New Haven ? 

In what circumstances did these two settlements closely resem- 
ble each other ? When was the first confederation formed in 
this country ? Between what colonies ? What name was given 
to the confederation ? 

When was a charter granted to Connecticut ? For what was 
that charter remarkable ? Did the Dutch at New York claim 
any part of Connecticut ? How was the dispute settled ? How 
was the Indian war terminated ? What was the character of 
Philip ? 

(P. 45.) When was a quo warranto issued against Connecticut ? 
For what purpose ? Were the assembly disposed to yield their 
privileges ? How did Andros proceed ? What would have 
been the probable consequence in America, if the Stuarts had 
continued to reign in England ? What had been done by the 
people of Connecticut before official intelligence of the Revolu- 
tion of 1688 reached them ? 

When .was the ancient charter of Connecticut re-established ? 
Had it ever been surrendered ? What lessened the satisfaction 
of the people ? In what did this dispute origninate ? How wag 
the authority of Fletcher resisted ? 

(P. 46.) How did the king afterwards determine their right to 
the command of the militia? When was another unsuccessful 
attempt made upon the rights of the province ? In what did 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 211 

Connecticut aid the mother country, while thus harassed ? What 
caused the failure of the expeditions undertaken in 1709 and 
1710? How did Connecticut contribute to the capture of Louis- 
bourg? What is said of her exertions in the war which termi- 
nated in the conquest of Canada ? What expenses were incurred 
by her in that war ? 

How did Connecticut improve the short period of repose which 
followed the conquest of Canada ? How did she act when Britain 
attempted to collect a revenue from the colonies ? 

(P. 47.) What induced a feeling of hostility in her towards 
Britain ? Of what use were her militia ? How did she bear her 
part in the Revolutionary war ? 

CHAPTER VIL 

How does Maryland rank with the other colonies, with regard 
to its date of settlement ? What license did William Clayborno 
obtain from Charles I. ? When ? ^Vhere did he plant a colony ? 
Who was George Calvert ? When did he make a voyage to Vir- 
ginia ? With what view ? Why did he not settle there ? To what 
territory did he then direct his attention ? What prevented him 
from completing his design ? 

Who obtained the patent to the country north of the Potomac ? 
When? 

(P. 48.) What part of the country was included in that char- 
ter ? How was that grant curtailed? What was the country 
granted to Lord Baltimore called ? In honour of whom ? What 
is said of the principles upon which the settlement of this colony 
was begun ? 

(P. 49.) To what were they similar? What was their effect 
upon the prosperity and population of Maryland ? By what was 
the policy of this settlement chiefly distinguished above others of 
that period? 

Of what did the first emigration to Maryland consist? When 
did they land ? At what place ? Who was appointed first gover- 
nor? What drew settlers to Maryland in preference to the 
other colonies? How did the Indians act towards the new 
comers ? What name was given to the town ? When was tho 
first legislative assembly held ? What was done by them ? By 



212 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

the proprietary ? By the assembly again in their turn ? What 
act was passed in 1639? Of what did the two branches consist? 

(P. 50.) What change in this system took place in 1650? — 
What was necessary to all laws ? Who was the cause of the 
first trouble to Maryland? What was Clayborne's character? 
What did he do when the first settlers arrived? Was it granted? 
What decision was made by Lord Baltimore's commissioners with 
respect to Kent Island ? How did Clayborne revenge himself? 
What was the result of the war which commenced in 1642? In 
what did Clayborne, however, succeed in 1645? When, and in 
what way was quiet again restored ? 

When was the peace of the province again disturbed? How 
were the colonists divided ? What commissioners were appoint- 
ed after the death of Charles I. ? Who was made one of these 
commissioners ? 

(P. 51.) Which party finally prevailed ? How was the govern- 
ment treated ? What was then done by the triumphant party ? 

How was the province disturbed in 1656? What was Fendall's 
success? How long did the affairs of the province remain in an 
unsettled state ? Who was then appointed governor by the pro- 
prietary ? What Indian war now broke out ? By whom were 
the colonists aided ? What was the number of white inhabitants 
at this time? 

Was the charter of Maryland also attacked by James IT. ? — 
What probably caused unusual delay in its revocation? What 
was at last done? What prevented the obtaining of judgment 
upon it? How was the colony divided by the assembly, in 1692? 
How was the name of the town of Severn changed ? When did 
the assembly remove to Annapolis ? What has since been the 
seat of government? 

(P. 52.) In whom was the government of Maryland vested from 
the restoration of Charles II. until 1716 ? From 1716 until the 
Revolution ? 

Where was Roger Williams born ? When ? What was the 
character of his political system ? Why did he come to Ameri- 
ca? When did he arrive in Boston? What did he there main- 
tain ? How was he consequently treated ? By whom was he 
hospitably received? What name did he give the place chosen 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 213 

for his future residence? From whom did he buy the land? — 
When was the settlement of Rhode Island commenced ? 

(P. 53.) What kind of government was formed by the followers 
of Williams ? What restrictions did they impose upon them 
selves? What led to the rapid increase of their settlements? 
What controversy arose in Massachusetts soon after the exile of 
Williams ? What course was adopted towards the least numer- 
ous party? 

(P. 54.) Where did the exiles settle ? By what names were the 
two colonies known ? When were they united? 

How were the Indians treated by the first settlers of Rhode Isl- 
and ? What was the consequence? When was a charter obtain- 
ed ? What privileges did it confer ? To whom was the execu- 
tive and legislative powers given ? When was the first genera|^ 
assembly convened ? What constituted the supreme court ? Hovsr 
were the affairs of each township managed ? 

How was the settlement of Rhode Island regarded by Massa- 
chusetts? What was the consequence of that upon the colony? 

(P. 55.) Was Rhode Island admitted into the confederacy of 
the United Colonies of New England ? When did she petition to 
be received as a member ? On what condition did they offer to 
admit her? Did she agree to the condition ? When was a new 
charter granted to Rhode Island ? How long did she continue to 
be governed by that charter? (1842?) What is stated in the 
Preamble to that instrument ? What seems by this to have been 
adopted? What was the consequence? What was the only 
source of disquiet to Rhode Island ? 

(P. 56.) When was a quo toarranto issued against her ? What 
measures were adopted by Andros ? What was done on his im- 
prisonment, in 1689? 

What is said of the history of Rhode Island, from this period 
to the commencement of the Revolution ? What is said of the 
inhabitants ? What was the population in 1730 ? What in 1746? 
What was done towards the expedition into Canada? 

CHAPTER VIII. 

When "and by whom was the first discovery of any part of 
New Hampshire made? What was granted by the Plymouth 
Company to John Mason in 1621 ? 



214 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

(P. 57.) To whom was another grant made the next year ? 
What was included in that grant? What name was given to this 
last tract ? When did Mason and Gorges attempt to establish a 
colony ? Where ? By whom were other settlements made on 
the coast ? How did Mason and Gorges name their respective 
provinces ? 

(P. 58.) What is New Somersetshire now called ? What ren- 
dered the settlement slow in their progress? How did the people 
occupy themselves ? 

To whom did the Indians grant a large tract of country ? When 
did Mason obtain a new grant from th*; Plymouth Company ? 
What did it include ? What is that tract of country now called ? 

What evils resulted from the conflicting titles derived from 
the Indians and under the grant of Mason ? What was the 
condition of the settlements which had been formed along the 
coast ? 

To whom did they apply for protection ? How long did that 
union last ? What prevented the heirs of Mason from obtaining 
a legal recognition of their claim? 

Who was Robert Mason ? What was done by him when 
Charles II. was restored to the throne ? 

(P. 59.) With what powers were commissioners sent out ? 
What was done by the assembly of Massachusetts ? How did 
the king decide when the matter was brought before him ? What 
was the consequence of that decision ? Of what did the new 
government consist? 

What were the first acts of the assembly ? 

What was done by Mason in 1680 ? How did the council act? 
What did he do when he found that he was unable to bend them 
to his views ? 

Who was appointed governor? What did his commission 
authorize him to do ? What did he order the inhabitants to do ? 
Why was this unfair? 

(P. 60.) Did many of the inhabitants take leases? Against whom 
was the first suit instituted by Mason? What was the result in 
that and the succeeding suits ? What did Cranfield then do ? Why 
did he adjourn the assembly ? How did he revenge himself on 
them ? « 

Give an account of his affair with Moody ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 215 

What was permitted when the complaints of the people reach- 
ed the ears of the English government ? What happened when 
Mason attempted to enforce executions on the judgments he 
had obtained? What particular instance of resistance is men- 
tioned ? 

(P. 61.) With what commission did Andros arrive in 1686? 
How was his tyranny felt in New Hampshire? How long did 
ihis state of things continue? 

With whom did New Hampshire then connect herself? How 
long did that union last ? Why was the union dissolved ? What 
had Mason done, in the meantime, with respect to his claims ? 
What put a stop to his proceedings? To whom did his heirs sell 
the claim ? What did he obtain from the crown ? 

(P. 62.) What rendered his title imperfect ? What was the re- 
sult of the suits again brought against Waldron and others ? To 
whom did Allen appeal ? What delayed the proceedings ? What 
was done by his son? When was this long protracted contest 
ended ? How ? 

What is said of the contests of New Hampshire with the In- 
dians ? When was the province finally exempted from their 
ravages ? What is said of the prosperity of New Hampshire 
during the peace ? What territory was supposed to form a part 
of her province ? To whom was this district, however, allotted? 

(P. 63.) How long did the controversy which ensued continue? 

CHAPTER IX. 

(P. 64.) Of what did North Carolina originally form a part? In 
what patent was it included ? What was done by Amidas and 
Barlow ? On what day did they take possession of the country ? 
How were they received by the inhabitants ? Who commanded 
the second expedition ? 

(P. 65.) When did it arrive on the coast ? How did they treat 
the Indians? Where did they leave a colony ? What plot was 
formed by the Indians ? How was its execution prevented ? When 
and why did they return to England ? 

What happened a few days after their departure ? Was Raleigh 
discouraged by these failures ? What did he do the next spring? 
What was the result of that attempt ? 



216 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

How did the first permanent settlement of North Carolina^ 
commence ? Where was a settlement made in 1661 ? By whom ? 

(P. 66.) On what pretence did the Indians break up their settle- 
ment? When did a colony arrive from Barbadoes ? What was 
its number? What commence did they carry on? What offers 
did Berkeley make to settlers ? 

What country did Charles II. grant to Lord Clarendon and 
others ? What did the proprietors claim under that patent ? What 
made the inhabitants of Albemarle dissatisfied? For what did 
they petition ? Why did they revolt from the proprietary govern- 
ment ? When did they submit? When was a constitution 
framed for the government of the colony ? What were the prin- 
cipal provisions of that constitution ? When did the proprietors 
attempt to put a new constitution in force ? 

(P. 67.) For what was that constitution remarkable? What 
were the provisions of this instrument with respect to the pala- 
tine and nobility ? Of what was the parliament to consist ? What 
power was given to the parliament ? *What was the whole num- 
ber of regulations in that constitution ? Why was the operation 
of this constitution opposed ? What was done by the insurgents? 
What was the state of affairs in North Carolina for many years 
afterwards? What was its population in 1702 ? 

Who arrived in 1710? Where did they settle ? 

Did the settlers of North Carolina give any provocation to the 
Indians ? 

(P. 68.) What design was, notwithstanding, conceived by the 
Corees and Tuscaroras ? How did they proceed to put their plot 
in execution ? How many of the Roanoke settlers were killed in 
one night ? To what place was information sent ? What aid did 
the assembly send to Roanoke ? How did Barnwell proceed ? 
What was the result of Barnwell's attack ? To whom did the 
Tuscaroras unite themselves ? 

To whom did the proprietors sell the province in 1717 ? For 
what sum? By whom was the government admmistered from 
that time until 1776 ? How was the colony soon afterwards 
reinforced? By what was the prosperity of the colony again 
retarded ? Give an account of the proceedings of the " regula- 
tors." 

(P. 69.) By whom were they opposed ? With what success ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 217 

What was the conduct of North Carolina in the war with Great 
Britain ? 

To whom was South Carolina granted in 1662 ? Where was 
the germ of her population planted ? When ? By whom ? To 
what place did they remove in 1671 ? Of what town did they 
then lay the foundation V Why was that site abandoned ? 

(P, 70.) When did a second removal take place? To what 
place ? What town was there founded ? When was the settle- 
ment called South Carolina? Had the two Carolinas separate 
governments? What was the effect of the introduction of 
Locke's constitution in South Carolina ? For what did the 
people petition ? What change in the goverment was effected 
in 1719? 

What was done by the proprietors in 1729? How was the 
colony governed from that time ? What was the effect upon it, 
of the revocation of the edict of Nantes ? Where did4;he French, 
protestants generally settle ? What other circumstances pro- 
cured many settlers for South Carolina ? 

(P. 71.) How was rice introduced into Carolina? How did it 
promote the prosperity of the colony ? 

What impeded the prosperity and population of this state in 
the early part of the eighteenth century ? What expedition was 
undertaken in 1702 ? By whom was it suggested ? What was 
its success ? 

What did Governor Moore do the next year ? What was done 
by the Spaniards and French in 1706 ? Of what did that expedi- 
tion consist ? Who was then governor of the province? How 
did he receive the Spaniards ? What was the result of their 
expedition ? 

(P. 72.) In what wars were the South Carolinians engaged from 
1712 to 1718 ? What was the object of the Indians in undertak- 
ing those wars? By what was the province harassed from 1755 
to 1759? When did hostilities again break out? What added to 
the calamities of the settlers ? How long did this state of things 
continue ? 

What was the state of the province from that period until 1776? 

Why were the Carolinians somewhat undecided at the com 

mencement of the contest ? What circumstance seems to have 

determined their conduct? From what did this state suffer dur- 

19 



218 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

iiig the ensuing struggle ? For what was the war in South Caro- 
lina and its vicinity remarkable ? 



CHAPTER X. 

(P. 73.) Who claimed the whole of New Jersey'^ Against 
what did they protest ? To whom was it grante^ in 1664? When 
did the duke of York sell it? To whom ? When did it first re- 
ceive the name of New Jersey ? How did the new proprietors 
encourage emigration ? 

(P. 74.) What honourable rule did they establish ? How much 
land was offered to each settler ? On what condition ? What 
important privilege was given to the inhabitants ? 

W^ho was the first governor of New Jersey ? What system did 
he pursue towards the Indians? What was the consequence? 
During what period was New Jersey under the government of 
the Dutch? What was then obtained by the duke of York? 
What authority did he give to Sir Edmund Andros ? When did 
Andros arrive in America ? To whom did Berkeley assign his 
part of New Jersey? How was the province then divided ? 

(P. 75.) Did the duke of York give up his claims to West Jer- 
sey? What disputes arose between the duke of York and the 
proprietors of New Jersey? To whom was the question at 
length referred ? How did he decide ? What was the duke ac- 
cordingly compelled to do ? What accession was received by 
the province about the year 1680 ? What towns did they build ? 

To whom did Carteret transfer his interest in the province ? 
When ? To whom did they convey part of it ? When did the 
Scotch proprietors obtain a patent ? Who was the first governor 
of East Jersey, under the proprietors ? 

(P. 76.) What was still attempted by the government of New 
York? When was a quo warranto issued against the proprie- 
tors? What did they do ? What was the intention of James \l. 
with respect to the colony of New Jersey ? What prevented 
his carrying this design into effect ? What was the state of the 
province for several years after the English revolution ? What 
was done in 1702? 

Who was the first royal governor ? Of what other province 
was Cornbury governor? Why was he removed from office? 



' QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 219 

What tended to augment the population and prosperity of New 
Jersey ? What involved her in war ? 

(P. 77.) To what did she contribute ? For what were laws 
passed in 1709 ? How was the credit of this money sustained ? 
When was a separate governor appointed ? Who was the last 
royal governor of New Jersey? 

How did New Jersey act when the British government at- 
tempted to impose an arbitrary authority over the colonies? 
Did she send deputies to Congress ? What is said of her losses 
in the contest which ensued ? By what was Trenton rer - 
dered memorable ? What happened at Princeton ? What is 
said of the cruelties perpetrated by the British army ? What was 
their effect on the people ? 

CHAPTER XL 

(P. 78.) Who was William Penn ? To what sect did he at- 
tach himself? 

(P. 79.) What sufferings did he undergo ? What induced Penn 
to turn his attention to America ? Where did he purchase land ? 
Why did he form the design of acquiring a separate estate ? How 
did he acquire it ? What was included in his charter? Under 
what name ? With what did this interfere ? What was the con- 
sequence of that ? 

Whom did he send over in 1681 ? For what purpose ? To 
whom did he sell 20,000 acres ? At what rate ? When did 
Penn publish his frame of government? In whom was the 
supreme power vested ? 

(P. 80.) Of how many members did the provincial council con- 
sist ? How were they chosen ? Who presided in that council ? 
What was the office of the council ? Was this frame of govern- 
ment continued ? 

When did Penn arrive ? Where ? What had he previously 
obtained ? What was his first step ? Where was the first assem- 
bly held ? When ? What was done by that assembly ? What 
admirable principle did they adopt ? How did Penn treat the In- 
dians ? What did he obtain from them ? How were the treaties 
thus formed, kept ? What tended to promote the prosperity of 
Pennsylvania ? 

(P. 81.) What to increase her population ? 



220 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

Who prepared the design for the laying out of Philadelphia ?, 
Where was the second assembly of Pennsylvania held? Wlicn? 
What important law did they adopt? What was the effect of the 
revolution in England on the government of Pennsylvania? When 
was Pennsylvania annexed to New York? How long did it con- 
tinue so ? Who was appointed lieutenant-governor by Penn ? 
What disputes existed in Pennsylvania? How often had the 
charter been altered ? When did Penn give them a third char- 
ter ? What was provided in that charter ? 

(P. 82.) Was that charter adopted by Pennsylvania ? By the 
"three lower counties on the Delaware?" How was the mat- 
ter settled ? How long did this constitution continue in force ? 

When did William Penn die? At what age? What is said of 
him and his successors ? What is said of the history of Penn- 
sylvania from the death of Penn to the Revolution ? What was 
the chief subject of dispute ? When was a treaty concluded with 
the Six Nations ? What was granted by that treaty ? 

(P. 83.) Did Pennsylvania oppose the arbitrary measures of 
British government which led to the Revolution ? For what is 
Philadelphia distinguished ? 

CHAPTER Xn. 

(P. 84.) Which of the thirteen states was the last settled ? By 
■whom had the country lying within the present boundaries been 
claimed ? 

(P. 85.) What led to the first attempt at settlement in Georgia ? 
For what was a company formed ? What territory was granted 
to them in 1732? What was the title of the corporation? 
When did the first emigrants arrive? Who was their leader? 
From whom did they obtain land by cession ? Of w)|at town did 
they lay the foundation ? When ? What impeded the progress of 
the settlement ? How were the lands granted ? On w hat condi- 
tion were they parcelled out ? In what case was the land to re- 
vert to the trustees? What regulation, more reconcilable with 
good policy, was made? 

What was the effect of these restrictions? How many emigrants 
arrived in 1734 ? 

(P. 80.) What was their character ? What did the trustees do 
in order to obtain more suitable settlers? With what effect? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXA.MINATION. 221 

How did the parliament aid the colony ? What was the effect of 
the war between Spain and England, on the prosperity of 
Georgia? Who was appointed commander-in-chief ? How did 
he secure the safety of Georgia? What did he then propose to 
do ? With what force did he invade Florida ? What was the 
result of the expedition? How did the Spaniards retaliate? 
When ? What hastened the return of the Spanish commander 
to Florida? 

(P. 87.) By what was Georgia preserved on this occasion ? 

What freed Georgia from one source of disquiet ? What was 
the state of the colony at the middle of the eighteenth century ? 
What had produced that effect? Of what had the trustees thus 
deprived the colonists ? What was the amount of the exports of 
Georgia in 1750 ? What in 1820 ? When was the government 
taken into the hands of the king ? What privileges were ex- 
tended to Georgia ? When was a general assembly of represen- 
tatives established ? What lands were annexed to Georgia in 
1763? What was the effect of the change in the government? 
How did the value of her exports increase in the next ten years ? 

(P. 88.) To what is much of this increase of prosperity to be 
attributed ? 

What was the condition of Georgia at the commencement of 
the American Revolution? What is said of her inhabitants? 
Did they take part in the Revolution ? What did they in 1755? 
What was suffered by Georgia during the ensuing war ? 

CHAPTER Xlir. 

(P. 89.) When was the continent of America discovered by 
Cabot ? What length of time elapsed before any permanent set- 
tlement was effected on its shores ? What was the greater part 
of the United States, east of Florida, called ? In honour of 
whom ? What practice was followed by Elizabeth of England ? 
When was the earliest settlement in pursuance of these grants, 
made ? Where ? When did the Dutch commence a settlement ? 
When ? How long did they retain possession of New York ? 

(P. 90.) When was Massachusetts settled ? By whom ? What 

was the next settlement in order of time ? The two next ? By 

whom was Connecticut colonized? By whom was Maryland 

colonized ? What led to the founding of Rhode Island ? In 

19^ 



222 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

what year was it settled ? When was New Hampshire settled 1 
When was North Carolina settled ? By whom ? When was 
South Carolina settled ? Who had early made partial settle- 
ments in New Jersey? When was it effectually colonized? — 
Who had planted themselves at an early period in Pennsylvania 
When did William Penn arrive?^ Which was the last settled of 
the original thirteen states ? When was it founded ? By whom 

What is said of the history of all new colonies ? By wha 
were the ordinary evils augmented in the case of the American 
settlements ? What has been the aim of the most sagacious In- 
dian chiefs ? What success attended their efforts? In what was 
the Indian hostility most effective? What settlements suffered 
most from the Indian warfare? 

(P. 91.) What was the effect of the system pursued in Rhode 
Island, Pennsylvania, and Maryland ? What evil arose from the 
proximity of the French settlements in Canada ? What is said 
of the influence of the governors of Canada over the Indians ? 
What was seen by the colonists to be necessary to their repose ? 
What plans were consequently devised by them ? For what did 
commissioners meet in 1690? What caused the failure of the 
enterprise ? When were similar attempts made ? With what 
Buccess ? 

When did the colonists enjoy a short period of repose ? What 
again renewed the war with the French and Indians? What 
colonies had previously been the chief theatres of Indian in- 
cursions ? 

(P. 92.) What opportunity did the extension of the French set- 
tlements on the Ohio give them ? What colonies were harassed 
by the Spaniards and the Southern Indians? By whom was 
an attack made upon Louisbourg ? When ? With what success ? 

When did the colonies again enjoy a short period of repose ? 
What proposal was made by some of the colonies at the time ? 
Why was the plan abandoned ? 

By what was the year 1755 rendered memorable ? What saved 
Braddock's army from entire ruin ? When was Fort Du Quesne 
taken by the British and provincials ? What other places were 
finally taken from the French? What was the effect of the con- 
quest of Canada upon the colonies ? How was their improved 
condition regarded by the mother country ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 223 

(P. 93.) What did the people of Great Britain determine to do ? 
What was their first step in that resolution ? When was an act 
of Parliament passed to that effect? What ensued in the colo- 
nies ? Where did delegates assemble ? 

(P. 94.) Upon what did they agree? What associations were 
entered into by the people ? What was the effect of this upon 
the British ministry ? Did they give up the right of taxing the 
colonies ? 

What act was passed in 1767 ? What did the colonies refuse 
to do ? What was then done by the British government ? What 
was done by the colonists to counteract the design of collecting 
this duty ? What was done with the tea sent to Boston ? V/hat 
act was passed when intelligence of that proceeding reached 
England ? What was the effect of that act upon the American 
provinces ? 

What was done by Massachusetts after the passage of the 
Boston Port Bill ? What did she recommend ? 

(P. 95.) When did a congress of delegates convene ? What 
was done by them ? How did England still attempt to force her 
colonies to submission ? Why did she in these measures except 
North Carolina, Delaware, and New York ? What effect was 
produced upon those three colonies by that exception ? What 
was going on in the meantime ? 

CHAPTER XIV. 

(P. 96.) When did the first conflict between the Americans and 
the English take place ? Who commanded the British troops ia 
Boston ? What was done by him on the 18th of April, 1775 ? 

(P. 97.) How was the alarm given ? What happened at Lex- 
ington ? What at Concord ? Did they succeed in destroying the 
stores? How were they reinforced in their retreat? What was 
the conduct of the Americans during the retreat of the British ? 

(P. 98 ) How many men did they lose ? What position did the 
two armies then take? What was done by the provincials on the 
night of the 16th of June ? How many men occupied the post ? 
Give an account of the three attempts made by the British to 
dislodge them. What was the result ? What was the loss on each 
side? What American general was killed in this engagement? 

When did the second Continental Congress meet? Where? 
On what did they determine ? Who was elected comraand^-in- 



224 QUESTIONS FOR ECAMINATION. 

chief of the troops ? When did he take command of the fa. scs ? 
What was the state of the troops ? What did he undertake with 
them? 

(P. 99.) By whom was an attempt made upon Canada? How 
did they reach Quebec ? Give an account of their attempt to 
carry the place ? Which of the commanders was killed ? Was 
the attempt abandoned? How long did the British remain in 
possession of Boston ? Where did they go on leaving Boston? 
Where did Washington then establish his head quarters ? 

(P. 100.) When did the British attack Fort Moultrie ? By whom 
were the British forces led? Who defended the fort? How 
long did the battle continue ? Why were the land forces not 
brought into action ? What happened during the naval engage- 
ment ? For what place did the fleet and troops depart ? 

What was attempted by Congress while these affairs were in 
progress? What did they do when they found their remon- 
strances fruitless ? When were the united colonies declared free 
and independent ? Where was that done ? 

When did Sir William Howe land on Long Island ? With how 
many men ? What was the number of the American forces at 
that time ? 

(P. 101.) Who commanded the American detachment on Long 
Island ? Where were they stationed ? What orders had been 
given with respect to the passes in the hills? 

(P. 102.) How and where did the British make their way 
through the hills ? What was thus gained by the British ? What 
was the consequence ? 

What was done by Washington as soon as he heard of the 
commencement of the action ? To what did he confine his exer- 
tions? What prevented Sir William Howe from immediately 
attaking the American position ? 

Give an account of the celebrated retreat that was accom- 
plished on the night of the 28th. What was seen by the British 
in the morning? 

Why did Washington retire from New York Island ? When 
was it entered by the British ? How far was the retreat of the 
Americans continued? 

(P. 103.) When was Fort Washington taken by the British ? 
How many prisoners did they take? What other fort was taken? 
What added to the misfortunes of the army ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 11^ 

When did the British give up the pursuit of the Americans? 
Where was their main body cantoned ? 

Did Congress think of submission ? Where were detachments 
of the Hessian troops stationed ? What did Washington deter- 
mine to do ? With how many men did he cross the Delaware? 
When did he cross? How was he/etarded in his passage? How 
did the Americans move to the attack? 

(P. 104.) Give an account of the battle? How many of the 
enemy were killed ? How many surrendered themselves prison- 
ers? What was the loss on the American side? What distin 
guished man was among the wounded ? 

What other part of the army had been ordered to cross the 
river and co-operate with Washington ? What compelled their 
return ? 

When did Washington recross the Delaware? What was the 
effect of the victory at Trenton? 

(P. 105.) When and where did the two armies again meet ? By 
what were they separated ? What separated the combatants ? 

To what difFiculties was Washington now exposed ? What did 
he resolve to do ? 

Hov/ did he draw off his army without exciting the suspicions 
of the enemy ? By whom were they encountered near Princeton ? 
Of what was Washington well aware ? How did he consequently 
exert himself? What was his conduct in the battle ? In what 
raanner did two of the British regiments retreat ? 

(P. 106.) What was the result of the engagement with the 3d 
regiment ? What was the British loss in the battle of Princeton ? 
What distinguished American officer was killed in that battle ? 

What first announced Washington's escape to Cornwallis ? 
What did he immediately do ? To what place did Washington 
retire to winter quarters? Where did the British concentrate 
their forces ? 

What was effected by Washington during the spring of 1777? 
What change did Howe consequently make in his plan ? Where 
did he land? Where did Washington oppose him? How did 
Howe divide his troops on the 11th of September ? To whom 
did he give the command ? How did Knyphausen proceed ? Hovv- 
did Cornwallis proceed ? Who commanded the right wing of the 
American army ? 

(P. 107'.) How did he proceed? When was he attacked by 



226 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

Cornvvallis? What was the result of that attack? What was 
effected by General Greene? By General Wayne ? Whither did 
Washington then retire ? 

What was the American loss in the battle of Brandywine? — 
What the British? What distinguished officer first served in the 
Ameripan cause in this battle ? What was his conduct in the 
action ? 

(P. 108.) Of what was Washington convinced by the result of 
this battle? When did Howe enter Philadelphia? Where was 
his army principally stationed ? 

What was the result of Washington's attack upon the British 
at Germantown ? 

What was done by the British on the 22d of October ? With 
what success ? 

When was the attack on Fort Mifflin renewed 1 Who com- 
manded the Americans in the fort? How did the garrison be- 
have? When did they evacuate the post ? 

How did the British obtain possession of Fort Mercer ? Of 
what importance was the possession of those forts to the British 
arms? 

(P. 109.) What was done by Burgoyne in June 1777 ? What 
was the character of his first operations? How far did his suc- 
cess continue? How was he there opposed ? In what way, and 
for what purpose did he divide his forces ? By whom was the 
detachment attacked? With what success? What happened to 
the reinforcement sent by Burgoyne ? What was he then com- 
pelled to do ? When did Burgoyne surrender? What effects were 
produced by this event in the United States ? What in France ? 

(P. 110.) W^hat circumstance prevented Howe's army from 
sharing the fate of Burgoyne's ? Where had Washington spent 
the preceding winter ? What is said of the suffering and priva- 
tions which they then endured? What foreign officer arrived 
while they occupied that encampment ? To whom did Steuben 
offer his services ? To what office was he appointed ? How had 
he been qualified for the duties of that office ? 
(P. 111.) What reform did he effect in the army? 
What was done by the Americans on the retreat of the Bri- 
tish ? Why did not Washington lead them to a general engage- 
ment ? When did a partial action take place ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 227 

By whom was an attempt made on Rhode Island ? What caused 
its failure ? 

(P. 112.) How was the year 1779 chiefly passed by the Bri- 
tish ? What appeared to be their object ? How were their 
footsteps marked? What was the effect of these excesses upon 
the American people? By whom was Savannah and the 
whole state of Georgia conquered ? By whom was South Ca- 
rolina defended? With what success? What was the success 
of the attempt of the Americans upon Savannah? What caused 
its failure ? 

By whom was Stony Point taken ? Give an account of its cap- 
ture. 

Give an account of Putnam's escape at Horse Neck. Why did 
not the Bfitish follow him ? 

(P. 113.) What command was given to Paul Jones? When? 
When and where did he encounter an enemy ? What was the 
force on each side ? When did the action commence ? How 
long did it continue ? What was the result of the action between 
the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard ? 

(P. 114.) What had been done by the Pallas in the meantime ? 
By whom was this engagement witnessed ? How were the 
prizes taken by Jones estimated ? How was he honoured by 
Congress ? 

(P. 115.) To what place was a large force despatched by the 
British in 1780 ? What did they accomplish ? Who was sent to 
the relief of the inhabitants ? What mistake did Gates make ? 
What was the result of the battle ? What distinguished foreigner 
fell in the battle of Camden ? 

To what did Cornwallis then direct his views? By what were 
his plans retarded ? Who succeeded Gates in the command of 
the Southern army ? What did he effect ? 

What happened in September, 1780 ? ' 

(P. 116.) By whom was the victory at the Cowpens gained? 
When ? How were the .efforts of Cornwallis to recover the pri- 
soners foiled? When did Greene re-enter North Carolina? 
Where did he fight a pitched battle with Cornwallis ? What 
compelled Cornwallis to retreat to Wilmington ? 

What resolution was then formed by Greene ? To what place 
did Cornwallis march ? 



228 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

What permission did Washington obtain from Congress during 
the winter of 1780-81? 

When did Washington's army retire to winter quarters ? 
Where were the several divisions stationed ? 

What revolts happened in January, 1781 ? IIovv was the fiist 
appeased ? 

(P. 117.) By what was the second produced? How was it 
quelled ? 

IIow did the mutineers treat the overtures of Sir Henry Clinton ? 
From what did the great distress of the army and the growing 
discontent of the people spring ? 

Why did Washington now direct his plans to the south ? What 
was done by La Fayette ? How were the royal troops engaged ? 
What compelled La Fayette to fall back ? How did he conduct 
his retreat? 

Who advanced with fresh troops from the north ? To what 
place did Cornwallis retreat? 

(P. 118.) What did Washington and Rochambeau resolve to 
do ? By what force was New York protected ? \Vhen and where 
did the allied armies meet ? Why did Washington determine to 
turn his whole attention to the south ? 

What orders did La Fayette receive ? Where did he accord- 
ingly take post ? Where did the British general fortify himself ? 
When did the Count de Grasse enter the Chesapeake ? 

(P. 119.) What was brought on by the arrival of the British 
fleet ? What followed ? 

What is said of the caution with which Washington managed 
his movement to the south ? What force had he with him ? To 
whom was the defence of the Hudson left? 

How did Clinton endeavour to support Cornwallis ? What was 
produced by one of the latter operations ? When did the siege of 
Yorktown commence? What was the number of the besiegers ? 

Where is Yorktown situated ? What and where is Gloucester 
Point? How did the British preserve the communications be- 
tween these positions ? By whom were the works at Gloucester 
Point occupied? Where was the main British army encamped? 

Who was entrusted with the blockade of Gloucester ? How 
did he succeed ? 

What was done by the allies on the 28th ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 229 

(P. 120.) What on the next day? What was done on the 6th 
of October ? What on the 9th and 10th? What was the effect of 
the fire of the besiegers ? 

What is said of the spirit of emulation and esteem that existed 
among the allies? What was done on the night c«f the 11th? 
From what did the besiegers most severely suffer ? When, and 
by whom, were these two outworks stormed ? 

(P. 121.) How were they gained ? 

What did Cornwallis now plainly see ? What was the result 
of his attempt to destroy the two batteries ? What did he then 
attempt? What compelled him to return to his former position ? 

What took place on the 17th ? When was Yorktown surren- 
dered to Washington ? How many men were surrendered ? To 
whom were the shipping and seamen yielded ? What was the 
loss of the British during the siege ? What of the allies ? 

How was General Greene engaged in the meantime? What 
decided the contest ? When and how was the independence of 
the United States acknowledged by Great Britain ? 

CHAPTER XV. 

(P, 122.) What was the effect of the successful issue of the war 
of the Revolution? What had been created by the expenses of 
the war ? What other sources of evil existed ? What did this 
slate of affairs indicate ? What desire did this excite in the 
friends of order? What was done at the instance of the Legisla- 
ture of Virginia? What was done by these commissioners? 
When and where did the meeting of delegates convene ? When 
did they lay the result of their labours before Congress ? What 
did they declare? 

(P. 123.) What wish did they express ? Were these vieivs and 
desires accomplished ? How did that constitution operate ? In 
what was public opinion divided ? How was its ratification ob- 
tained ? When did the new government go into operation ? 

Who was chosen first President of the United States ? Who 
was the first Vice President ? What were the effects of the new 
system of government ? What was the conduct of the United 
States during the war arising out of the French revolution ? 
20 



*230 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

(P. 124.) What opposition was made to the neutral course . 
What two parties existed at that time ? What was the result of 
the Indian war? Why was an excise laid on whiskey ? To what 
did this excise lead ? How was it suppressed ? 

(P. 125.) Who was chosen president in 1793? What is said of 
his farewell letter ? 

Who succeeded Washington ? What course was pursued by 
the French government during his administration ? What mea- 
sures of defence were adopted by the American government? 
Who was appointed commander-in-chief? What great loss was 
soon after suiTered by the nation ? How was the national grief 
expressed ? Give an account of the war between the United 
States and France. 

What revolution in the administration of public affairs took 
place in 1801 ? Who Vvfas elected president ? What was the 
condition of the United States during his first term of office ? 

(P. 126.) When was the European war renewed? What had 
the United States gained by their neutral position ? What was 
done by the British to counteract that advantage ? How did Na- 
poleon retaliate? What orders were then issued by the English? 
What did Napoleon subsequently decree? Which of these na- 
tions v/ere the aggressors ? How did they farther outrage the na- 
tional dignity ? Was the country at that time prepared for war? 

(P. 127.) What was attempted by Congress ? What act was 
passed in December, 1807 ? What was afterwards substituted for 
this embargo law ? 

Who was elected to the office of president in 1809? Who was 
chjosen vice president? What engagement was entered into with 
Mr. Erskine, the British minister ? Was it ratified ? Why not? 
Who succeeded Erskine as ambassador ? Why was his recall de- 
sired by the president ? What was commenced by the French 
government in August 1810 ? What was accordingly done by 
the president? 

(P. 128.) What happened in May 1811? What other provoca- 
tion was given by the British ? What was the result of the bat- 
tle of Tippecanoe ? 

How many American vessels were taken by the French after 
the revocation of the Berlin and Milan decrees? How many 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 231 

were captured by the British in the ten years preceding 1812 1 — 
What seemed to be necessary to redress these wrongs ? 



CHAPTER XVI. 

How long was this system of restrictions upon commerce con- 
tinued ? What was done with a view to hostilities ? 

(P. 129.) When was war declared ? What preparations had 
been made by the American government ? What was the conse- 
quence ? 

Give an account of General Hull's operations. What sentence 
did the court martial pass upon him ? Why did the president re- 
mit the punishment? 

What expedition was undertaken by General Van Rensselaer? 
What was his success ? 

(P. 130.) How was the disappointment arising from these 
failures counterbalanced ? When was the action between the 
Constitution and the Guerriere fought? Who commanded the Con- 
stitution ? Give an account of the action. What was the loss on 
each side? 

(P. 131.) What encounter took place on Ihe 25th of October? 
Give an account of the action. What was the loss of the Mace- 
donian ? What was done with the ship ? 

What was done in November ? Who commanded the Wasp ? 
What was the loss on each side ? 

What other victory v/as gained before the close of the year ? 

(P. 132.) Who commanded the Constitution ? What advantage 
was possessed by the British in the action ? What was the result 
of the engagement? What was the loss on each side ? What 
was done with the Java ? 

How did Captain Lawrence add to the glory of the American 
navy? 

Were these victories confined to the public ships of the United 
States ? 

(P. 133.) How many vessels and prisoners had been taken, be- 
fore the meeting of Congress in November ? 

What were the effects of these triumphs on the military spirit ? 

16* 



232 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

How were their effects evinced in the Western and Southern 
States? How in Pennsylvania and Virginia? Where was this 
patriotic zeal more particularly observable ? 

What prevented, for a time, the invasion of Canada ? What 
did these governors declare ? What was the effect of their re- 
fusal ? 

What preparations were at length made on the northern lines ? 
Who used every exertion to create a fleet on the lakes ? To what 
did the operations on these lakes extend during the revolution ? 
What is said of the preparations that were now making. 

(P. 134.) What was done by Congress in November? 

What unsuccessful pacific proposals had been made? What 
was done by the government after the capture of Hull's army ? 
To whom was the command of these detachments given ? What 
is said of Harrison's arrangements for the recovery of Detroit ? 

In pursuance of these arrangements to what place did he send 
General Winchester ? When did he arrive at that post ? Why 
did he move forward to the river Raisin ? 

When, and by whom, was he attacked at Frenchtown ? 

(P. 135.) What was the result of the battle ? What happened 
after the battle ? What part had the British in that massacre ? 

What was done by General Dearborn, on the 27th of April ? 

(P. 136.) Of what barbarous act were the British guilty ? 
What distinguished commander was killed by that explosion ? 
How did his troops behave after his death ? 

When did the Americans make an attack on Fort George ? 
With what success ? By whom was an attempt made upon 
Sackett's Harbour ? How were they received ? 

What happened at the Beaver Dams ? 

How did the campaign open on the borders of Lake Erie ? 

What was done by Harrison after Winchester's defeat ? What 
name was given to the fort? When did the enemy commence 
the siege of Fort Meigs ? 

(P. 137.) What was the result of the siege? 

What was the American force on Lake Erie ? By whom was 
it commanded? What was the British force? When did the 
two fleets come to an engagement? What was the character of 
the action ? By what was it decided ? How long did it last ? fn 
what did it result ? What was the effect of the victory ? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 233 

(P. 138.) How did Harrison hasten to take advantage of this 
victory ? When and where did he overtake the British army ? In 
•what did the battle of the Thames terminate ? What, was taken 
from the British ? What ended with this action ? 

What happened in the spring of 1813, on the Atlantic frontier? 
Who was the chief actor in these scenes ? In what bolder at- 
tempt were the British troops employed ? With what success ? 
What town did they give up to plunder ? How did they employ 
themselves during the remainder of the year ? 

What American ships were taken by the British in 1813 ? What 
British ships were taken by the Americans? 

(P. 139.) What was the result of an attempt made upon Mon- 
treal in the latter part of the year? 

When did the Indians of Florida attack Fort Mimms ? Give 
an account of the attack and subsequent massacre ? Who was 
sent to chastise these Indians ? 

What was done by a detachment of Jackson's army on the 2d, 
of November ? What furthet successes were gained by Jackson 
m this war ? When was the battle of Tohopeka fought ? Where 
was Tohopeka situated ? What was the strength of the garrison ? 

How was the attack commenced ? Relate the heroism of Ma- 
jor Montgomery. How did the battle end ? 

(P. 140.) At what place was a treaty of peace concluded with 
the Indians ? 

What was the success of General Wilkinson's incursion into 
Canada in the spring of 1814 ? By whom was he superseded ? 

To whom was the command of the troops on the Niagara fron- 
tiers given ? What fort did he take on the 2d of July ? When 
did he attack the British position at Chippewa? How did the 
battle terminate ? 

When did another battle occur ? Where was it fought ? By 
whom were the Americans commanded ? What was the result 
of tire battle ? To what place did the Americans retire ? What 
was the success of the British in the siege of Fort Erie ? 

(P. 141.) Against what town diii ./he British general, Prevost, 
advance ? With how many men ? Who commanded the militia 
in Plattsburg ? What did they do to retard the approach of the 
enemy ? When did the British enter the town ? To what place 
did the Americans retire ? 
20* 



234 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

Who commanded the American squadron on Lake Champlain? 
When was he attacked by the British fleet ? What was the re- 
sult of the action ? What was the condition of both fleets at the 
close of the action ? 

(P. 142.) By whom was the battle of Lake Champlain wit- 
nessed ? What was done by the British in Plattsburg during the 
naval engagement? What on the succeeding night? What did 
they leave behind them ? 

Where did the British land in August 1814 ? 

(P. 143.) Where was a battle fought on the 24th ? What is said 
of the behaviour of General Winder in that battle ? 

Who commanded the British ? Of what city did they take pos- 
session ? What did they do in Washington ? 

How was the disgrace, arising from this event, in some mea- 
sure retrieved ? How were the British received in their attempt 
upon Baltimore ? What finally compelled them to withdraw ? ; 

What American vessels were captured by the British in 1814? 
What British vessels were taken ? What was proved by these 
captures ? 

When had a British flag of truce arrived ? What was announced 
in the despatches brought ? Where was it agreed that the com- 
missioners should assemble? 

What commissioners were appointed on the part of the United 
States to commence the business of conciliation? 

(P. 144.) What was the effect of the victories of Lake Cham- 
plain and Plattsburg on these negotiations ? Why was it sup- 
posed that the war should before this period have ceased ? What, 
insulting proposals were made by the British government as the 
price of peace ? 

What state were the enemy preparing to invade in September? 
Why were the militia unprepared to defend their country ? What 
was there in the nature of the country which made it easy to be 
defended ? 

Who was the commander of the district? 

(P. 145.) When did he arrive in New Orleans ? What efiect 
was produced by his presence ? 

How soon did the British fleet appear on the coast ? What 
d\d the invaders succeed in doing on the 22d of December ? Did 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 235 

they follow up their advantage? How did Jackso« fortify his 
post ? When did the British general make an unsuccessiui at- 
tempt to drive Jackson from his post ? When did he make ano- 
ther unsuccessful attempt upon the American lines ? How werp, 
the Americans reinforced? How the British? What was now 
the whole number of each army? 

To whom was the defence of the lines on the right bank of the 
river intrusted ? By whom were the works on the left bank oc- 
cupied ? 

When was the final attempt made ? 

(P. 146.) How did the British columns move forwArd to the at- 
tack? How were they received by the Americans ? WJiat was 
the effect of the warm reception which they received ? How 
many times did they return to the charge? With what success? 
What was the result of the battle ? What was the loss of the 
British ? What that of the Americans ? What distinguished 
British generals were killed in the battle of New Orleans ? 

When was a treaty of peace signed by the commissioners at 
Ghent? When was it ratified by the Prince Regent of England ? 
When by the President of the United States? 

What was provided for in the treaty of peace? 



CHAPTER XVn. 

(P. 147.) What advantage had Algiers taken of the English 
war ? How was their insolence chastised ? 

Who was elected to succeed Mr. Madison in the ofiice of 
president ? When did he enter on the duties of his office ? 

What atrocities were committed by the Florida Indians during 
Monroe's administration ? Who were sent against them ? What 
put a stop to any further aggressions on the part of the Indians ? 
How were the Spanish authorities in Pensacola punished? For 
what ? What treaty was made with Spain in 1819—21 ? 

(P. 148.) What was provided for in a treaty with Russia in 
1824? What in a treaty v/ith England? How was this year fur- 
ther distinguished ? When did he arrive? How did he spend 
the ensuing twelve months ? How was he received by the peo- 



236 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

pie ? What did Congress do for him ? When did he sail loj 
France ? 

Why did the choice of president devolve upon the House of 
Representatives in 1824? Who was chosen by them? When 
did he enter on the duties of his office? 

With whom were treaties concluded during the first two years 
of his administration ? What was provided for in those treaties ? 
What did the Indiana receive for their land ? 

What happened on the 4th of July, 1826? 

When was a tariff bill enacted by Congress ? What effect did 
it produce in the Southern states ? 

(P. 149.) Who was chosen to succeed Mr. Adams in the presi- 
dency? Who was chosen vice president? When were they 
inaugurated ? 

How was the tariff of 1828 modified in 1832? What efi"ect 
did that modification produce in the state of South Carolina? 
How did Jackson meet this wavlike disposition of the South? 
How were these difficulties finally overcome ? 

What war broke out in 1832? Who was sent against them? 
When and where was an action fought ? What was the result 
of that and the succeeding action ? Who was the chief of the 
hostile Indians ? How long was he kept as a hostage? To what 
place did he retire? 

What was the fate of the bill for rechartering the United 
States Bank ? 

(P. 150.) When were the government deposites withdrawn from 
that institution ? 

What happened in 1834 ? When was the whole debt of the 
United States paid off? 

What war broke out in 1835 ? Who was sent against him ? 

(P. 151.) When was he attacked ? What was the fate of him- 
self and his command ? What was the name of the Seminole 
war chief ? Was this war continued through 1836? When did 
Congress recognise the independence of Texas ? 

Who was elected in 1836 to succeed General Jackson ? When 
was he inaugurated ? 

What evil was felt during his administration ? How was it in 
some measure mitigated ? 

When did the Canadian rebellion break out ? What caused an 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 237 

eecitement among the people of the United States ? Was the 
neutrality of the United States preserved ? 

When did the banks generally resume specie payments ? What 
effects did that produce? When were the boundaries of the 
United States and Texas fixed ? What treaties were concluded 
in 1838 ? 

(P. 152.) What led to frequent collisions between the govern- 
ments of Maine and Lower Canada? What was done to settle 
the dispute? What treaties of commerce were made in 1839? 
What was the population of the United States in 1840 ? 

Who were the candidates for the presidency in 1840? Who 
was chosen to that office? Who was elected to the vice presi- 
dency ? When were they inaugurated ? 

What was said by Harrison in his inaugural address ? When 
did he die? At what age ? How was the grief of the people ex- 
pressed ? 

Who now became president ? Who vice president ? How 
long did Harrison's cabinet continue in office ? 

(P. 153.) What law was passed by Congress in 1841 ? What 
was done in reference to the " right of search" claimed by Great 
Britain? What bills were vetoed by the president ? When waa 
a modified tariff bill passed? 

What special ambassador arrived in the United States in April 
1842 ? With what powers ? What was provided for in the treaty 
which he concluded with the secretary of state ? When was the 
Ashburton treaty ratified by the Senate ? 

What treaty was rejected by the Senate in 1844? When was a 
resolution for the annexation of Texas to the United States passed 
by both houses of Congress ? 

What candidates presented themselves for the office of presi- 
dent in the autumn of 1844 ? 

(P. 154.) Who was elected ? When was he inaugurated ? 
Who was chosen vice president ? 

What State were eflForts made to annex ? Who founded the 
first colony in Texas ? Who claimed Texas afterwards ? What 
occurred in the years 1690-2? 

(P. 154.) When was Texas added to Spain ? When did 
France regain possession of it ? What part did Texas take in 
the Mexican struggle for independence ? Who aided in the 
contest? What occurred in 1824? What measures did the 
Mexican government adopt ? What occurred in 1832 ? Who 



238 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATIOX. 

visited the city of Mexico in August, 1833? For what jDur- 
pose ? What was the result ? 

(P. 155.) How did the imprisonment of Mr. Austin affect 
the Texans? What intelligence was received about the time 
of his release ? What did the Texans then do ? What course 
did Santa Anna pursue? Who invaded Texas? What occured 
on the 2d of October ? What did Capt. Collinsworth do ? What 
was done on the 20th of October ? On the 2rth? How long 
was Bexar besieged ? What was the result ? 

(P. 156.) Who succeeded Austin as commander-in-chief of 
the Texans? What occurred on the 1st of February, 1836 ? 
On the 23rd ? Whither did the garrison retire ? What was 
the whole number of the Texans at the Alamo ? What was 
the number of the besiegers? How long did the garrison 
hold out? When were the works carried? What did the 
Mexicans then do ? What was the whole loss of the besiegers ? 
What occurred on the 2d of March? On the 17th? Who 
was chosen Provisional President ? 

(P. 157.) What outrages did Gen. Urrea commit? What 
was the effect of these outrages ? Who now arrived ? What 
did General Houston determine to do ? What occurred on the 
21st of April? Describe the battle? What was the result? 
What armistice and treaty did Santa Anna conclude ? What 
occurred early in September? Who were elected President 
and Vice-President ? 

(P. 158.) What desire did the Texans express 7 When did 
the United States recognize the independence of Texas ? How 
was the proposal for annexation treated ? What caused a re- 
newal of hostilities? What happened to the expeditions 
against Mier and Santa Fe ? Was Texas generally recognized 
as a sovereign nation? When was a treaty of annexation 
concluded ? By whom ? . Was it approved or rejected by the 
Senate ? What bill was introduced after the rejection of the 
treaty? What strengthened the cause of annexation ? When 
wore the joint resolutions for annexing Texas to the United 
States passed by Congress? 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. ^u^ 

(P. 159.) "When were the resolutions approved by the Presi- 
dent? To what administration does the credit of the annex- 
ation belong ? 

(P. 160.) What led to a war between the United States and 
Mexico ? What had Gen. Zaehary Taylor been ordered to do 
in the meantime ? When did Gen. Taylor reach the Rio 
Grande? What followed immediately? 

(P. 161.) What outrages did the Mexicans commit? What 
happened on -the 10th of April? What information did Gen. 
Taylor receive on the 26th? What measures did he adopt? 
What became of Capt. Thornton's party? What occurred 
soon after these accidents ? When did Gen. Taylor march to 
the relief of Major Monroe ? 

(P. 163.) Who were left at the river fort ? When did Con- 
gress declare war ? What other measures were adopted by 
that body ? What occurred at the fort opposite Matamoras ? 
When did Gen. Taylor march to its relief? Where did he 
meet the Mexican army ? 

(P. 164.) What did Lieut. Blake do ? What did the Mexican 
cavalry attempt ? What caused a suspension of hostilities ? 
Was the firing very destructive ? When did the battle termi- 
nate ? What was the loss of the Americans ? 

(P. 166.) What movement did the Mexicans make on the 
morning of the 9th of May? What did Gen. Taylor do? 
What occurred to Capt. M'Call ? How were the Mexicans 
posted ? What did Capt. May do ? What was the result of 
the battle ? 

(P. 167.) What Avas done at Fort Brown on the approach of 
Gen. Taylor ? What was the marching force of the Americans 
and Mexicans ? What loss did the two armies sustain? What 
occurred on the 11th of May? When did Gen. Taylor take 
possession of Matamoras ? What did Capt. M'Culloch do ? 
What was Gen. Taylor's force in the latter part of June? 
When did he march from Matamoras ? 

(P. 168.) What was done when Gen. Taylor arrived at Ca- 



240 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION'. 

margo? What information did lie receive? Against what 
place did he march ? When ? 

(P. 169.) What was the whole number of Gen. Taylor's 
army? Describe Monterey? When did the attack begin? 
What was the order of the besiegers ? How long did the 
siege last ? 

(P. 171.) What was the result of the siege ? What loss did 
the Americans sustain ? What were the terms of the capitu- 
lation ? What did the United States government order Gen. 
Taylor to do ? Who had been raised to the military dictator- 
ship in the. Mexican capital ? How large was hj£ army ? What 
did Gen. Taylor determine to do? What occurred on the 
30th of December? What was the number of Gen. Taylor's 
troops in February, 1847? 

(P. 172.) Where did Gen. Taylor take up a position ? When 
did the hostile armies meet ? What did Santa Anna do ? How 
did the Mexicans commence the battle ? Who was left in 
command of the American army ? How did the battle com- 
mence on the 23d? Who turned the fortune of the day? 
What followed ? 

(P. 174.) How did the battle of Buena Vista terminate ? 
What was discovered the next morning ? What was the 
strength of the two armies in the battle ? What loss did they 
sustain ? To what must the victory be attributed ? When did 
Gen. Taylor return to the United States ? 

(P. 175.) Of what territories did the United States wish to 
gain possession ? What for«e was raised in the Western 
States ? Who was its commander ? When did he commence 
his march ? What did he do in New Mexico ? What infor- 
mation did he receive on the borders of New Mexico ? What 
did he then do ? What occurred early in December ? When 
and where did Gen. Kearney gain a victory ? What occurred 
on the 29th of December? Where were the Californians 
posted ? In what force ? What was the result of the battle ? 

(P. 177.) What occurred on the 9th of January, 1847? 
What followed the two battles ? Who was appointed military 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 241 

governor of California? Towards what place did Col. Doni- 
phan march ? When and whero did ho meet the Mexicans ? 
AYhat was the result of the battle ? 

P. 178.) When did Col. Doniphan enter El Paso? When 
did he leave the Paso del Norte ? When was the battle of 
Sacramento fought ? Give some account of the position of the 
Mexicans ? 

(P. 180.) How did Col. Doniphan begin the attack ? Was 
his fire effective ? What changes followed ? What did Major 
Clark do ? 

(P. 181.) Upon what did the fate of the battle depend ? How 
were the enemy put to the rout ? What was the force of the 
Mexicans engaged in the battle of Sacramento ? What was 
the force under command of Col. Doniphan ? What loss did 
the Mexicans sustain ? What was Col. Doniphan's loss ? When 
did Col. Doniphan take possession of Chihuahua ? How long 
did he remain there ? When did he march for Saltillo ? 

(P. 182.) What did Capt. Reid do during the march ? When 
did Col. Doniphan reach Gen. Taylor's encapment ? When 
did they reach New Orleans ? What was the decisive move- 
ment of the war ? Who was ordered to take command of the 
forces raised for that purpose ? What was the whole number 
of the troops ? Who was to co-operate ? Was Vera Cruz a 
strong city ? What point was selected for the landing ? What 
was done on the 9th of March ? What was done on the 22d ? 
How long did the bombardment and canonnade continue ? Who 
made overtures for a capitulation ? What was the result? 
What did Col. Harvej'^ do during the siege ? 

(P. 184.) What was the whole loss of the besiegers? When 
did Gen. Scott commence his march for the city of Mexico ? 
Where were the Mexicans posted ? In what strength ? When 
was the attack made ? Describe it ? What was the result of 
the battle ? What loss did the Americans sustain ? 

(P. 185.) What towns were captured by vessels of the Gulf 
squadron ? What places were captured by Generals Twiggs 
and Worth ? What occurred on the 15th of May ? Who 
21 



242 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

infested the road between Vera Cruz and Puebla? Who was 
their commander ? What did the guerillas do ? 

(P. 186.) Who wore attacked at the National Bridge ? What 
was the result ? How long did Gen. Scott remain at Puebla ? 
What reinforcement did he receive ? When did the army de- 
scend into the Valley of Mexico ? How did Gen. Scott avoid 
some strong works of the enemy ? What was the first object 
of attack ? What force was detached for that purpose ? What 
movements were made on the 19 th and 20th of August ? What 
was the result of the conflict ? What position was next at- 
tacked ? What force of Mexicans was there assembled ? How 
was the attack commenced ? 

(P. 188.) What were the results of the attack on the forti- 
fied convent ? What did Gen. Shields do ? How did the 
battle terminate ? What were the results of the whole day's 
work according to Gen. Scott ? 

(P. 189.) What occurred on the night of the 20th ? Was 
the armistice granted ? What negotiations were opened ? What 
caused the resumption of hostilities? What was the next 
point of attack ? Who was appointed to execute the plan ? 
When was the attack begun ? Who led the assault ? What 
was the result ? 

(P. 190.) What was the loss of the assailants at Molino del 
Rey ? What was the next object of attack ? When was the 
assault begun ? Who commanded the two divisions ? De- 
scribe Gen. Pillow's movements ? Gen. Quitman's move- 
ments ? What were the results of the capture of Chapultepec ? 

(P. 191.) What was the loss of the Mexicans at Chapulte- 
pec ? What did Gen. Scott determine to do ? Who com- 
manded the divisions that attacked Mexico ? Against what 
points did they advance? AVhat did Gen. Twiggs do? What 
was Gen. AVorth's success ? How did Gen. Quitman proceed ? 

(P. 193.) IIow did the attack terminate ? What was Worth's 
loss during the day ? What was Quitman's loss ? What oc- 
curred at Puebla shortly after the capture of Mexico ? Who 
relieved the garrison ? What occurred to Gen. Lane during 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 243 

his march ? "Wliat did tlio geueral-in-chief do in January, 
1848? "Where did the commissioners meet? What was the 
result of the negotiations? What did Mexico agree to do? 
Who superintended the evacuation of Mexico ? 

(P. 194.) What was the condition of the United States at 
the close of the Mexican war ? How was the Oregon difficulty 
settled ? 

(P. 195.) What measures of the Democratic party were 
carried out by President Polk ? Where was a great discovery 
made soon after the conclusion of the war ? Give an account 
of the first discovery of the gold ? What were the immediate 
results ? 

(P. 196.) What was found to be the extent- of the gold 
region ? What was done in regard to the government of Cali- 
fornia ? Who wore elected President and Vice-President in 
the latter part of 1848 ? When was Gen. Taylor inaugurated ? 
Who composed the cabinet? Who had a majority in Con- 
gress ? What subject caused an excitement ? What commit- 
tee was appointed in the Senate ? What bill did this committee 
report ? What were the provisions of this bill ? 

(P. 197.) Were the compromise measures adopted? When 
did President Taylor die ? At what age ? Who succeeded 
him in the Presidency ? What was done in regard to the 
cabinet ? What was done in regard to foreign relations during 
Mr. Fillmore's administration ? What expedition sailed from 
the United States in the spring of 1850 ? What was the re- 
sult? When was the attempt renewed? Where did the 
invaders land ? What was their success ? How were Col. 
Crittenden and his men treated? How was Lopez executed? 
What was done with the othe^ prisoners ? 

(P. 198.) What difficulty occurred with Portugal ? How 
was it settled ? What was done in regard to the Hungarian 
agent ? When did Mr. Webster die ? Who succeeded him ? 
Who were elected President and Vice-President in the fall of 
1852? When was Mr. Pierce inaugurated ? Who composed 
his cabinet? 



244 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

(P. 199.) What treaty had Lord John Russell proposed? 
What was Secretary Everett's reply ? What followed ? What 
occurred in June, 1853 ? By whom was Koszta rescued ? 
What did the government of Austria do in regard to the Koszta 
affair ? What did Secretary Marcy reply ? Was Koszta com- 
pletely released? What is said of the relations between the 
United States and Austria ? 



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Glimpses of the Wonderful:— A Series of Instructive 
Sketches for the Y(Dung. Numerous Engravings. 16mo. — 50 cents. 

Stories for my Young- Friends.— By T, S. Arthur, with 

eight beautiful Engravings. 16mo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 
Tom Thumb. — The Life and Adventures of Tom Thumb, 
with 16 fine Engravings. 16mo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 

My Cousins in Maine.— A Story for Young People. By 

^S'. V. Moore. Numerous Engravings. 16mo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 
Pippie"s Warning ; — Or, Mind your Temper. By Catharine 

Crome. Handsomely illustrated. 16mo. cloth gilt.— 50 ceots. 
Cecil and his Dog; — Or, The Little Ptobinson of Paris. A 

Tale for Youth. Eight Engravings. 16mo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 

Loving Ballad of Lord Bateman.— With humorous 

colored Plates by Cruikshank. 16mo. half morocco. — 50 cent*. 

Stories of the American Revolution.— And Sketches of 

the Great Brave. Just published. An elegant book for Youth, beau- 
tifully illustrated. 16mo. doth gilt.— 50 cents. 

Stories of the Wars of 1812 and with Mexico.— 

To match the above. Just published. 16mo. cloth gilt.— 50 cents. 

Robinson Crusoe. — The Life and Adventures of Robinson 
Crusoe, who lived 28 years on an uninhabited Island, with an Account 
of his Deliverance. With 8 plates. ISmo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 

Fanny Dale. — Or, a Year after Marriage. By T. S. Arthur. 
ISmo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 

The Lady at Home ; — Or, Leaves from the Every Day 
Book of Ameri( an Women. By T. S. Arthur. 18mo. cloth.— 50 cents. 

The Young Music Teacher,— And other Tales. By T. S. 
.\rthur. IGmo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 

Elizabeth ; -Or, the Exiles of Siberia. A Tale, founded on 
Facts. By Madam Cottin. ISmo. cloth gilt. — 50. 

Paul and Virginia. — i;rom the French of Bemardine do 
St. Pierre. Illustrated with 10 Engravings. ISmo. cloth. — 50 cents. 

Tales of Humor; — A Scrap Book of Stories of Wit, inter- 
esting Tables, and Authentic Anecdotes. 18mo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 

Tales for Winter Nights; — A Choice Collection of Ad- 
ventures. Marvellous Stories, &.C., &c. 18mo. cloth.— 50 cents. 

Every Bodys' Book; — Or, the Marvellous Repository. Con- 
tainiirj; ]5io,:rraphy. Tales, Essays, &c., &c. ISmo. cloth.— 50 cents. 

The Fireside Book;— A Scries of Entertaining Tales of 
Manners, tXistoms, the Marvellous, Ac. ISmo. cloth. — 50 cents. 

Cottag'e Tales; — Or. the Entertaining Repository of Ma- 
gic, Witchcraft, Tales of Terror, M.irvellous Adventures, ic, &c. On^ 
large ISmo. voIuuk? of nearly 900 pages, roan binding. — $1.00. 

The American Joe Miller j— Or, the Jesters' Own Booti 
ISmo. cloth gilt. — 50 cents. 
10 



The Children of the Abbey.— A Tale. By Regnia Ma- 
ria Roche. Three Tolumes in one, 3'2mo. roan binding, with Plates. — 
75 cents. 

The Scottish Chiefs— By Miss Jane Porter, Author of 
Thaddeus of Warsaw, &c. Three volumes in one, 32mo, roan bind- 
ing, to match " Children of the Abbey." With Plates.— 75 cents. 

The Romance of the Forest.— By Mrs. Radclifife. Two 
vols, in one, 32mo. roan binding, to match "Children of the Abbey." 
50 cents.. 

Rinaldo Rinaldini- — Captain of Banditti. Three volumes 
in one, 32mo. roan binding, to match '• Children of the Abbey." 75cts. 

Robinson Crusoe — Two volumes in one. 32mo. with plates^ 
roan bindin;r. to mntch "Children of the Abbey." — 75 cents. 

Gil Bias.— The Ad-.^entures of Gil Bias, of Santillane. Trans- 
lated from the French of Monsieur Le Sage. By Tobias Smollet^ M. D. 
To which is prefixed, a Life of the Author. Four volumes in one- 
32mo.plates, binding to match " Children of the Abbey." 75 cents. 

Don Quixottc.— The Life and Exploits of Don Quixotte de 
la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish of Cervantes. By Charles 
Jarves. Four volumes in one, o2mo. with plates, roan binding, to 
match "Children of the Abbey." — 75 cents. 

The Mysteries of Udolpho.— A Romance. By Mrs. Rad- 
clifife. Three volumes in one, 32mo. roan binding, to match " Chil- 
dren of the Abbey.''' — 75 cents. 

The Arabian Nigrhts. — Consisting of One Thousand and One 
Stories told by the Sultaness of the Indies, to divert the Sultan from 
the execution of a bloody vow he had made, to marry a Lady every 
day, and have her put to death next morning, to avenge himself for 
the disloyalty of his first Sultaness. Embellished with 70 engravings. 
Two volumes in one, 32mo. roan binding, to match " Children of the 
Abbey." — 75 cents. 

Peter Wilkins. — The Life and Adventures of Peter Wil- 
kins, containing an Account of his Visit to the Flying Islanders. 32mo. 
roan gilt. — 25 cents. 

Thinks-I-to-!Wyself. — A Serio-Ludicro, Tragico-Comioo 
Tale. Two volumes in one, 32mo. roaa gilt — 25 cents. 

The Old Eng-lish Baron.— By Clara Reeves. 18mo. cloth 
gilt. — 50 cents. 

The Man of Feeling". — By Henry Mackenzie. 18mo. cloth 
gilt. — 50 cents. 

The Castle of Otranto. — By Horace Walpole. 18mo. cloth 
gilt. — 50 cents. 

Charlotte Temple. — By Mrs. Rowson. ISmo. boards. — 
123^ cents. 

Lncy Temple. — A Sequel to " Charlotte Temple." By Mrs. 
Rowson. 18mo. boards. — 12}^ cents. 

Pamela ; — Or, Virtue Rewarded. By S. Richardson. ISmo. 
boards. — 12^ conts. 

The Sailor Boy, and other Tales. — A beautiful little 

story book. Square 16mo. With illustrations. Cloth, gilt, 40 cts. 
Jack Lawrence ; — Or, the Adventures of a Cabin Boy. ISmo. 

boards. — 12^ cents. 
The Laug-hing- Philosopher ;— Or, Fun, Humor, and Wit. 

ISmo. boards. — 12}^ cents. 
Hocus Pocus ; — Or, the Whole Art of Legerdemain; or, 

►Slight of Hand E.xplained. 18mo. boards. — 12)^ cents. 



MARRYATT'S NOVELS, 

The most readable edition pul)lished: each work being complete in on© 
handsome 2imo. volume, bound in neat embossed morocco, eilt Th» 
series comprises 

Prank Mildmay ;— Or, the K'aval Officer, 50 cents. 

The Pacha of Many Tales.— 50 cents. 

Sua rlyow;— Or, the Dog Fiend, 50 cents. 

The King-'s Own.— 50 cents. 

Japhet in Search of a Father.— 50 cents. 

Jacob Faithful;— Or, the Adventures of a Waterman, 56 eta 

Ratlin the Reefer.— 50 cents. 

PeterSimpIe ;— Or, the Adventures of a Midshipman, 50 cts 

lYliasMpman Easy,— 50 cent^. 

Newton Forster ;— Or, the Merchant Service, 50 cents. 

BULWER'S NOVELS. 

The best edition published ; each work being complete in one handsome 
Umo. volume, bound in neat embossed morocco, gilt, to match " Ma<r- 
ryatt's Norels," The series comprises 

The Disowned.— 50 cents. 

The Last Days of Pompeii.— 50 cents. 

Eug-ene Aram.— 50 cents. 

Devercux.— 50 cents. 

The Student and Falkland.— 50 cente. 

Pelham.— 50 cents, 

Rienzi — 50 e«nts. 

Paul Clifford.— 50 cents. 

VALUABLE SCHOOL BOOKS. 

White's Elements of Universal History :— With Addi- 

tions and Questions. By John S. Hart 12mo. Arabesque backs. 
Public School Singing- Book.— By A. F. Cox, 32mo. 

boards. 

Colburn's Introduction to Alg-cbra.— 12mo. sheep. Much 

improved edition. 

Murray "s English Reader.— 12m.o. sheep. 
Murray's Introduction.— 12mo. boards. 
Pelton s Key to the Outline Maps. 
Naylor's IVInemonics ;— Or, the Xew System of Teaching 
Geograph3', l>y the use of Pelton's Outline Maps. 

The History of Ancient and Modern Greece.— Edited 

by .John Frost, L.L. D. Sheep. 
Pollock's Course of Time.— 24mo. half bound. 
Voungr's KTig-ht Thougrhts.— 24mo. half bound. 
Kellcy's IMew Juvenile Primer. 
Testament. — ISiuo. sheep. A good School edition. 
Cobbett's French Grammar. — ISmo. cloth. 
Cobbott's English Grammar.— ISmo. cloth. 

4©=- Booksellers, Cowntry Merchants, and Teachers, •will be furniah* 
Kk very lovr prices. 

12 LBFe'07 



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